Surviving Childhood: The Relationship Between Childhood Health and Longevity in the Early Bronze Age Necropolises Mokrin and Ostojićevo (2100-1800 BC)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v19i3.3Keywords:
markers of stress, linear enamel hypoplasia, bioarchaeology of children, health in prehistory, Maros culture, Early Bronze AgeAbstract
The study of prehistoric societies requires a holistic approach to all segments of the population. Researchers agree that the period of growth and development is crucial for the life course, its quality, and duration. In recent decades, there has been a noticeable increase in studies focusing on the material traces of children in the archaeological record, particularly within bioarcheology. These approaches, however, are not without limitations. Focusing exclusively on children’s skeletons provides valuable insights, but it also limits the analysis to those who did not survive childhood. Therefore, it is necessary to include adult individuals to gain a more complete understanding of childhood health in the past. In this paper, we show that analysing markers of survived childhood stress in skeletons of adult individuals can provide insights into many aspects of children’s lives in the past while focusing on an EBA skeletal series from Mokrin and Ostojićevo.
Downloads
References
Link to the R Core Team code used in this paper: https://osf.io/3xqde/)
Alghamdi, Ibrahim, Issam Hussain, Shaia Almalki, Mohamed Alghamdi, Mansour Alghamdi, and Mohmmed El-Sheemy. 2014. “The pattern of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive epidemiological analysis of data from the Saudi Ministry of Health”. International Journal of General Medicine 7: 417-423. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S67061
Amur, Shashi, Ameeta Parekh, and Padmaja Mummaneni. 2012. “Sex differences and genomics in autoimmune diseases”. Journal of Autoimmunity, 38(2-3): 254-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2011.12.001
Amzirkov, Mina. 2020. “Pogrebna praksa u ranom bronzanom dobu: uloga i položaj dece u moriškom društvu”. Master rad. Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu.
Aries, Philippe. 1965. Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life. New York: Vintage Books.
Balj, Lidija. 2009. “Minijaturne posude vinčanske kulture: dečije igračke ili predmeti neke druge namene”. Rad Muzeja Vojvodine 51: 23-34.
Barker, David J.P. 2004a. “The developmental origins of adult disease”. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 23 (6): 588S-595S. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2004.10719428
Barker, David J. P. 2004b. „The developmental origins of chronic adult disease”. Acta Paediatrica 93: 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb00236.x
Barker, David J. P. and Clive Osmond. 1986. “Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales”. The Lancet 327 (8489): 1077-1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91340-1
Barnes, Peter J. 2016. “Sex differences in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mechanisms”. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 193 (8): 813-814. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201512-2379ED
Blagojević, Tamara. 2020. „Animals in the Early Bronze Age Funerary Practice at Mokrin and Ostojićevo Cemeteries, Serbia.” In Animal Husbandry and Hunting in the Central and Western Balkans Through Time, edited by Nemanja Marković and Jelena Bulatović, 80-92. Oxford: Archaeopress. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1bjc3c2.11
Boldsen, Jesper L. 2007. “Early childhood stress and adult age mortality—a study of dental enamel hypoplasia in the medieval Danish village of Tirup”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132 (1): 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20467
Bóna, Istvan. 1975. Die mittlere Bronzezeit Ungarns und ihresüdöstlichen Beziehungen. Budapest: Akadémiaikiadó.
Buikstra Jane E. and Douglas H. Ubelaker eds. 1994. Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains: Proceedings from a Seminar at the Field Museum of Natural History. Fayettville: Arkansas Archaeological Survey.
Brooks S.T. and Judy Myres Suchey. 1990. “Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: A comparison of the Acsádi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks methods”. Human Evolution 5: 227-238.
Crawford Sally, Dawn M. Hadley and Gillian Shepherd. 2018. “The Archaeology of Childhood: The Birth and Development of the Discipline”. In The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Childhood, edited by Sally Crawford, Dawn M. Hadley and Gillian Shepherd, 3-37, Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199670697.013.1
Dorland, Steven G. H. 2018. “The touch of a child: An analysis of fingernail impressions on Late Woodland pottery to identify childhood material interactions”. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 21: 298-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.07.020
DeWitte, Sharon N. 2010. “Sex differentials in frailty in medieval England”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 143 (2): 285-297. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21316
DeWitte, Sharon N. 2014. “Differential survival among individuals with active and healed periosteal new bone formation”. International Journal of Paleopathology 7: 38-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2014.06.001
Fairweather, DeLisa, Sylvia Frisancho-Kiss and Noel R. Rose. 2008. “Sex differences in autoimmune disease from a pathological perspective”. The American Journal of Pathology, 173 (3): 600-609. https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2008.071008
Fernández, J.J.P., Chapon, L. 2015. “Gender and childhood in the Iron age: the pottery centre of Las Cogotas (Ávila, Spain).” In Children, Spaces and Identity, edited by Margarita Sanches Romero, Aranda Jimenez Gonzalo and Eva Alarcon Garcia, 75–87. Oxford: Oxbow.
Fitzgerald, Charles M. and Shelley R. Saunders. 2005. “Test of histological methods of determining chronology of accentuated striae in deciduous teeth”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 127 (3): 277-290. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10442
Gamble, Julia A., Jesper L. Boldsen and Robert D. Hoppa. 2017. “Stressing out in medieval Denmark: An investigation of dental enamel defects and age at death in two medieval Danish cemeteries”. International Journal of Paleopathology 17: 52-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.01.001
Girić, Miodrag ed. 1971. Mokrin–Nekropola ranog bronzanog doba I, Washington: Smithsonian, Kikinda: Narodni muzej, Beograd: Arheološko društvo Jugoslavije.
Girić, Miodrag. 1989. „Ostojićevo, einbronzezeitliches gräberfeld“. Praehistorica XV–XIV: 239-241.
Girić, Miodrag. 1995. „Pojava sahranjivanja dece u pitosima u srednjem bronzanom dobu u jugoistočnom delu Panonske nizije“. Glasnik muzeja Banata 6: 43-57.
Goodman, Alan H. 1989. “Dental enamel hypoplasias in prehistoric populations”. Advances in Dental Research 3 (2): 265-271. https://doi.org/10.1177/08959374890030022801
Goodman, Alan H. and Jerome C. Rose. 1990. “Assessment of systemic physiological perturbations from dental enamel hypoplasias and associated histological structures”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 33 (S11): 59-110. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330330506
Harding, Anthony F. 2000. European Societies in the Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Henriquez, Alejandra C. and Marc F. Oxenham. 2017. “An alternative objective microscopic method for the identification of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) in the absence of visible perikymata”. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 14: 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.05.040
Hillson, Simon. 2014. Tooth Development in Human Evolution and Bioarchaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge Printing House.
Holt, Sarah A., Donald J. Reid and Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg. 2012. “Brief communication: premolar enamel formation: completion of figures for aging LEH defects in permanent dentition”. Dental Anthropology Journal 25 (1): 4-7. https://doi.org/10.26575/daj.v25i1.53
Karlberg, Johan, Doris S. Y. Chong and William Y. Y. Lai. 2004. “Do men have a higher case fatality rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome than women do?”. American Journal of Epidemiology 159 (3): 229-231. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh056
King, Tania, Simon Hillson and Louise T. Humphrey. 2002. “A detailed study of enamel hypoplasia in a post-medieval adolescent of known age and sex”. Archives of Oral Biology 47 (1): 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9969(01)00091-7
King, Tania, Louise T. Humphrey and Simon Hillson. 2005. “Linear enamel hypoplasias as indicators of systemic physiological stress: Evidence from two known age‐at‐death and sex populations from postmedieval London”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128 (3): 547-559. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20232
Klaus, Haagen D. 2014. “Frontiers in the bioarchaeology of stress and disease: Cross‐disciplinary perspectives from pathophysiology, human biology, and epidemiology”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 155 (2): 294-308. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22574
Krečković Gаvrilović, Marija. 2022. “Odnos zdrаvstvenog stаtusа i društvenog položаjа u bronzаnodopskoj kulturi Moriš: nekropole Mokrin i Ostojićevo” Doktorska dis. Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu.
Krečković Gavrilović, Marija. 2023. “Better teeth, better health? The relationship between enamel hypoplasia and osteological stress markers in EBA population from Northern Serbia”. Archaeology and Science 19: 21-38. 10.18485/arhe_apn.2023.19.2
Li, Fuhai, Adrianus C. Boon, Andrew P. Michelson, Randi E. Foraker, Ming Zhan and Phillip R. Payne, 2022. “Estrogen hormone is an essential sex factor inhibiting inflammation and immune response in COVID-19”. Scientific reports 12(1): 9462. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13585-4
Libert, Claude, Lien Dejager and Iris Pinheiro. 2010. “The X chromosome in immune functions: when a chromosome makes the difference”. Nature Reviews Immunology 10(8): 594-604. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2815
Lillehammer, Grete. 1989. “A Child is Born”. Norwegian Archaeological Review 22: 89-105.
Leong, Hoe-Nam, Arul Earnest, Hong-Huey Lim, Chee-Fang Chin, Colin S. Tan, Mark E.Puhaindran, Alex C. Tan, Mark I. Chen and Yee-Sin Leo. 2006. “SARS in Singapore-predictors of disease severity”. Annals-Academy of Medicine Singapore 35(5): 326. https://doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V35N5p326
Lovejoy, C. Owen. 1985. “Dental wear in the Libben population: Its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68: 47–56.
Lovejoy, C. Owen, Richard S. Meindl, Thomas R.Pryzbeck and Robert P. Mensforth. 1985. “Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: a new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death”. American journal of physical anthropology 68(1): 15-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680103
Ljuština, Marija, Marija Krečković, Teodora Radišić. 2019. “Notes on Columbella shells from the Bronze Age necropolis Mokrin, Northern Serbia.” In Digging in the Past of the Old Europe – Studies in Honor of Cristian Schuster at His 69th Anniversary, edited by Valeriu Sirbu, Alexadra Comsa, Dumitru Hortopan, 189-202. Targu-Jiu-Braila: Editura Istros a Muzeului Brailei “Carol I”.
Massler, M., I. Schour, and H. G. Poncher. 1941. “Developmental pattern of the child as reflected in the calcification pattern of the teeth”. American Journal of Diseases of Children 62(1): 33-67. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1941.02000130042004
Masterson, Erin E., Annette L. Fitzpatrick, Daniel A.Enquobahrie, Lloyd A. Mancl, Esther Conde and Phillippe P. Hujoel. 2017. “Malnutrition‐related early childhood exposures and enamel defects in the permanent dentition: A longitudinal study from the Bolivian Amazon”. American journal of physical anthropology 164 (2): 416-423. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23283
Matić, Uroš. 2012. “To queer or not to queer? That is the question: sex/gender, prestige and burial no. 10 on the Mokrin necropolis”. Dacia 56: 169-185. http://daciajournal.ro/pdf/dacia_2012/art09.pdf
Mays, Simon, Rebecca Gowland, Sian Halcrow and Eileen Murphy. 2017. “Child Bioarchaeology: Perspectives on the past 10 years”. Childhood in the Past 10(1): 38-56.
Milašinović, Lidija. 2008. “Grobovi moriške kulture nekropole bronzanog doba u Ostojićevo” Magistarska teza. Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu.
Milner, George R., James W. Wood and Jesper L. Boldsen. 2008. “Advances in paleodemography”. In: Biological anthropology of the human skeleton, edited by M. Anne Katzenberg and Anne L. Grauer, 2nd edition: 561-600. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell.
Minozzi, Simona, Carla Caldarini, Walter Pantano, Stefania di Giannantonio, Paola Catalano and Valentina Giuffra 2020. “Enamel hypoplasia and health conditions through social status in the Roman Imperial Age (First to third centuries, Rome, Italy)”. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 30(1): 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2830
Ng, Martin K. 2007. “New perspectives on Mars and Venus: unravelling the role of androgens in gender differences in cardiovascular biology and disease”. Heart, Lung and Circulation 16(3): 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2007.02.108
O’Donnell, Lexi and Emily Moes. 2021. “Sex differences in linear enamel hypoplasia prevalence and frailty in Ancestral Puebloans”. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 39: 103153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103153
O’Shea, John M. 1992. “A radiocarbon-based chronology for the Maros Group of southeast Hungary”. Antiquity 66 (250): 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00081084
O’Shea, John M. 1996. Villagers of the Maros. New York: Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.
O’Shea, John M., Györgyi Parditka, Amy Nicodemus, Kristian Kristiansen, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Laszlo Paja, Györgyi Pálfi and Lidija Milašinović 2019. “Social formation and collapse in the Tisza-Maros region: dating the Maros Group and its Late Bronze Age successors”. Antiquity 93 (369): 604-623. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.40
Palubeckaitė, Žydrune, Rimantas Jankauskas and Jesper Boldsen. 2002. “Enamel hypoplasia in Danish and Lithuanian late medieval/early modern samples: a possible reflection of child morbidity and mortality patterns”. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 12 (3): 189-201. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.607
Pendić, Jugoslav, Marija Krečković Gavrilović, KristinaPenezić, Lidija Milašinović 2022. “New research at the Early Bronze Age cemetery at Mokrin, Serbia”. The European Archaeologist 73: 36-43. https://www.e-a-a.org/EAA/Publications/Tea/Tea_73/Short_Report/EAA/Navigation_Publications/Tea_73_content/Short_Report.aspx#73_mokrin
Porčić, Marko and Sofija Stefanović 2009. “Physical activity and social status in Early Bronze Age society: The Mokrin necropolis”. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28 (3): 259-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2009.06.001
Rega, Elizabeth. 2000. “The Gendering of Children in the Early Bronze Age Cemetery in Mokrin”. In Gender and Material Culture in Archaeological Perspective, edited by Moira Donald and Linda Hurcombe, 238-249. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rohnbogner, Anna. 2021. Dying Young: A Bioarchaeological Analysis of Child Health in Roman Britain. Oxfrod: BAR Publishing.
Ruggieri, Anna, Simona Anticoli, Antonella D’Ambrosio, Luciana Giordani and Marina Viora. 2016. “The influence of sex and gender on immunity, infection and vaccination”. Annali dell’IstitutoSuperiore di Sanita 52(2): 198-204.
Silbiger, Sharon R. and Joel Neugarten. 2003. “The role of gender in the progression of renal disease”. Advances in Renal Replacement Therapy 10(1): 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1053/jarr.2003.50001
Silbiger, Sharon R. and Joel Neugarten 2008. “Gender and human chronic renal disease”. Gender medicine 5: S3-S10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genm.2008.03.002
Stefanović, Sofija and Marko Porčić. 2013. “Between‐group differences in the patterning of musculo‐skeletal stress markers: avoiding confounding factors by focusing on qualitative aspects of physical activity”. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 23(1): 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1243
Stinson, Sara. 1985. “Sex differences in environmental sensitivity during growth and development”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 28(S6):123-147. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330280507
Rechtien, Anne and Marcus Altfeld. 2019. “Sexual dimorphism in HIV-1 infection”. Seminars in Immunopathology 41: 195-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-018-0704-y
Reid, Donald J. and M. Christopher Dean. 2006. “Variation in modern human enamel formation times”. Journal of human evolution 50(3): 329-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.09.003
Robinson, Dionne P. and Sabra L. Klein. 2012. “Pregnancy and pregnancy-associated hormones alter immune responses and disease pathogenesis”. Hormones and behavior 62(3): 263-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.023
Rose, Jerome C. 1979. “Morphological variations of enamel prisms within abnormal striae of Retzius”. Human Biology 51(2): 139-151. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41463114
Rose, Jerome C., George J. Armelagos and John W. Lallo. 1978. “Histological enamel indicator of childhood stress in prehistoric skeletal samples”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 49(4): 511-516. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330490411
RStudio Team (2020). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA URL http://www.rstudio.com/
Saunders, Shelley R. and Anne Keenleyside. 1999. “Enamel hypoplasia in a Canadian historic sample”. American Journal of Human Biology 11(4): 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(1999)11:4<513::AID-AJHB11>3.0.CO;2-8
Scully, Eileen P., Jenna Haverfield, Rebecca L. Ursin, Cara Tannenbaum, Sabra R. Klein. 2020. “Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes”. Nature Reviews Immunology 20: 442–447. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0348-8
Smith, Tanya M. and Christina Warinner. 2022. “Developmental, evolutionary, and behavioural perspectives on oral health”. In Palaeopathology and evolutionary medicine: an integrated approach, edited by Kimberly A.Plomp, Charlotte A. Roberts, Sarah Elton and Gillian E. Bentley, 95-120. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sołtysiak, Arkadiusz, 2015. “The osteological paradox, selective mortality, and stress markers revisited”. Current Anthropology 56(4): 569-570. https://doi.org/10.1086/682327
Stefanović, Sofija. 2008. Rad, rod i status u bronzanom dobu: traogvi fizičkih aktivnosti na skeletima sa nekropole u Mokrinu. Belgrade: Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade.
Stefanović, Sofija and Vesna Dimitrijević. 2007. “Grob 196 na nekropoli u Mokrinu-pokojnica sa priloženom glavom svinje”. Glasnik Srpskog arheološkog društva 23: 417-428. http://reff.f.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/654
Stefanović, Sofija, Bojan Petrović, Marko Porčić, Kristina Penezić, Jugoslav Pendić, Vesna Dimitrijević, Ivana Živaljević, Sonja Vuković, Jelena Jovanović, Sanja Kojić, Andrej Starović and Tamara Blagojević. 2019. “Boon spoons for prehistoric babies: Detection of human teeth marks on the Neolithic artifacts from the site Grad– Starčevo (Serbia)”. PloS One 14(12): e0225713.
Todd, T. Wingate. 1920. “Age changes in the pubic bone. I. The male white pubis”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3(3): 285-334.
Vaupel, James W., Kenneth G. Manton and Eric Stallard. 1979. “The impact of heterogeneity in individual frailty on the dynamics of mortality”. Demography 16(3): 439-454. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061224
Vitezović, Selena. 2017. “Osseous raw materials as ornaments in the Bronze Age: the case study of Mokrin.” In Archaeotechnology studies: Raw material exploitation from prehistory to the Middle Ages, edited by Selena Vitezović and Dragana Antonović, 59-84. Beograd: Srpsko arheološko društvo.
Vučićević, Dragana. 2015. “Fizička aktivnost i društveni status: studija slučaja moriške nekropole u Ostojićevu.” Doktorska dis. Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu.
Wagner, Julia. 2005. „Muster sozialer Differenzierungim frühbronzezeit lichen Gräberfled von Mokrin/Vojvodina“. Mitteilungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie un Urgeschichte 26: 111-146.
Wood, James W., George R.Milner, Henry C. Harpending, Kenneth M. Weiss, Mark N. Cohen, Leslie E. Eisenberg, Dale L. Hutchinson, Rimantas Jankauskas, Gintautas Cesnys, Gintautas Česnys and M. Anned Katzenberg 1992. „The osteological paradox: problems of inferring prehistoric health from skeletal samples [and comments and reply]”. Current anthropology 33(4): 343-370. https://doi.org/10.1086/204084
Ji, Hong, Wei Zheng, Stefano Menini, Carlo Pesce, James Kim, Xie Wu, Susan E. Mulroney and Kathryn Sandberg. 2007. “Female protection in progressive renal disease is associated with estradiol attenuation of superoxide production”. Gender medicine 4(1): 56-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1550-8579(07)80009-X
Žegarac, Aleksandra, Laura Winkelbach, Jens Blöcher, Yoan Diekmann, Marija Krečković Gavrilović, Marko Porčić, Biljana Stojković, Lidija Milašinović, M. Schreiber, Daniel Wegmann, D. and Krishna R, Veeramah, Sofija Stefanović and Joachim Burger. 2021. “Ancient genomes provide insights into family structure and the heredity of social status in the early Bronze Age of southeastern Europe”. Scientific reports 11(1): 10072. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89090-x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.


