Rôle de la poésie épique homérique dans les recherches archéologiques
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v13i3.8Mots-clés :
Homère, âge du bronze final, âge du fer, époque archaïque, société écrite vs société orale, âge héroïque, mémoire socialeRésumé
L’étude du supposé témoignage historique des épopées d’Homère, Iliade et Odyssée, était, durant la majeure partie de l’histoire de la discipline classique, fondée sur le besoin de confirmer empiriquement que le contenu des épopées, ou au moins leurs certains éléments, étaient une réalité historique et les recherches archéologiques sont considérées comme le moyen d’obtenir cette confirmation basée sur les preuves matérielles. La première partie du travail explique les circonstances et les tendances dans les recherches qui ont rendu dominante l’approche qu’Homère est une source historique.
À part l’archéologie, le rôle important dans l’articulation du problème mentionné appartient à l’approche anthropologique de Milman Parry et de ses successeurs qui ont établi le caractère oral de la langue homérique. Bien que cette découverte reste jusqu’à nos jours une découverte clé pour la compréhension d’Homère en tant que source historique, d’autres conclusions importantes ressortissant des recherches anthropologiques sur la tradition orale d’Homère ou autre, ne sont, pourtant, ni considérés ni exploitées pleinement dans les recherches archéologiques. C’est pourquoi la deuxième partie du travail proposera de considérer le témoignage historique de l’œuvre homérique d’une perspective anthropologique plus générale pour pouvoir ainsi élaborer d’autres approches alternatives d’utilisation d’Homère dans les recherches archéologiques. Plus concrètement, Homère sera présenté en tant que source historique laissant comprendre le changement culturel qui se trouverait derrière le fait que la continuité de relativement longue durée de la tradition orale et des chants épiques est entrée dans un nouveau chapitre de son histoire durant l’époque archaïque où les épopées, grâce à la diffusion de la technologie d’écriture, ont été mises à l’écrit pour la première fois et ainsi, d’une certaine manière, traduites de l’oral à l’écrit.
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