Retour des travailleurs migrants en Serbie: des attentes réalistes ou du « wishfulthinking »?
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v17i4.6Mots-clés :
migrations de retour, travailleurs migrants, classification des migrants de retour, activité transnationale, Serbie du nord-est, VienneRésumé
La Serbie est traditionnellement un pays d’émigration. Bien qu’au cours des décennies passées les circonstances sociales, économiques et politiques dans le pays aient changé, il semble que l’absence de préoccupation de l’État pour les migrants de retour était une sorte de constante. De nombreux obstacles buraucratiques et administratifs et des réformes économiques lentes tenaient les migrants loin de l’idée du retour et de l’investissement entrepreuneurial. Ces dernières années des efforts considérables sont faits – sous forme de stratégies variées, des actes législatifs, la fondation des agences gouvernementales et non-gouvernementales – pour offrir une aide concrète, faciliter et encourager des migrations de retour, particulièrement celles des entrepreuneurs et des personnes diplômees du supérieur. Bien que depuis 2010 on note une augmentation du nombre de migrants retournés, différentes recherches montrent que la Serbie n’est toujours pas une destination d’immigration attrayante.
Nos recherches longues d’une décennie sur les migrations ont principalement été concentrées sur les gastarbeiters, c’est-à-dire des travailleurs temporaires à l’étranger, ainsi que leurs descendants. Cette population de migrants avait jusque là attiré très peu d’attention scientifique, mais également de soins sociaux sauf lorsqu’il s’agissait de leurs contributions financières qui représentent une part considérable dans le budget de la Serbie. Nous avons étudié les migrants originaires de la Serbie du nord-est, une des zones d’émigration dans notre pays, puis l’enquête de terrain a été faite aussi à Vienne, ville habitée par la diaspora serbe la plus nombreuse en Europe, se caractérisant par son activité transnationale intense. Dans la population étudiée les migrations de retour en Serbie et les investissements économiques dans le développement du pays sont peu probables et certainement insuffisants. Dans cet article nous allons offrir une classification des travailleurs migrants de retour, leurs motifs pour un retour éventuel, mais aussi les raisons qui les incitent à rester dans le pays d’accueil.
Téléchargements
Références
Antonijević, Dragana. 2013. Stranac ovde, stranac tamo: Antropološko istraživanje kulturnog identiteta gastarbajtera. [Strangers here, Strangers there: Anthropological Research of Cultural Identity of Guest Workers]. Beograd: SGC i Odeljenje za etnologiju i antropologiju Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu.
Antonijević, Dragana, Ana Banić Grubišić and Marija Krstić. 2011. „Gastarbajteri – iz svog ugla. Kazivanja o životu i socioekonomskom položaju gastarbajtera“. [Guest Workers – From Their Own Perspective. Narratives About Life and the Socio-Economic Position of Migrant Workers]. Etnoantropološki problemi/ Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 6 (4): 983–1011. https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v6i4.9
Antonijević, Dragana and Ljubica Milosavljević. 2016a. „Starost gastarbajtera: strategije životnih izbora migrantske populacije u penziji“ [Gastarbeiters’ Old Age: Strategies of Life Choices Among the Migrant Population of Pensioners]. Etnoantropološki problemi/ Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 11 (1): 113-135. DOI 10.21301/eap.v11i1.5
Antonijević, Dragana and Ljubica Milosavljević. 2016b. „’Treća opcija’: oscilirajuća kretanja gastarbajtera u penziji“. [The “Third Option”: Oscillatory Migrations of Retired Guest Workers]. Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SANU LXIV (3): 509–526. DOI 10.2298/GEI151019001A
Antonijević, Dragana, Ana Banić Grubišić and Miloš Rašić. 2021. „A Decade of Studying Guest Workers Through the Projects of the Serbian Ethnological and Anthropological Society“. Etnoantropološki problemi / Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 16 (4):981–1012. https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v16i4.1.
Appadurai, Arjun. 2000. Modernity at Large. Fifth Edition. University of Minnesota Press.
Bobić, Mirjana. 2009. „Dijaspora kao ekonomski i socijalni kapital Srbije“. Sociološki pregled XLIII (3): 361–377.
Bobić, Mirjana and Marija Babović. 2013. „Međunarodne migracije u Srbiji – stanje i politike“ [International Migration in Serbia – Facts and Policies]. Sociologija LV (2): 210-228. DOI: 10.2298/SOC1302209B
Bobić, Mirjana, Milica Vesković Anđelković and Vlasta Kokotović Kanazir. 2016. Studija o spoljnim i unutrašnjim migracijama građana Srbije sa posebnim osvrtom na mlade. [A study on external and internal migration of citizens of Serbia with a special focus on young people]. Beograd: Međunarodna organizacija za migracije.
Bolzman, Claudio, Rosita Fibbi and Marie Vial. 2006. „What To Do After Retirement? Elderly Migrants and the Question of Return“. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32 (8): 1359–1375. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830600928748
Cases Mendez, José Ignacio and Octavio Cabezas Moro. 1976. „The Relation between Migration Policy and Economic Development and the Promotion of New Employment Possibilities for Returnees (Foreign Investment and Migrant Remittances)“. International Migration 14 (1-2): 134-162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1976.tb00413.x
Callea, Saverio. 1986. „Different Forms, Reasons and Motivations for Return Migration of Persons who Voluntarily Decide to Return to Their Countries of Origin“. International Migration 24 (1): 61-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1986.tb00102.x
Cassarino, Jean-Pierre. 2004. „Theorising Return Migration: the Conceptual Approach to Return Migrants Revisited“. International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS) 6 (2): 253-279.
Castles, Stephen. 2006. „Guestworkers in Europe: A Resurrection?“ International Migration Review 40 (4): 741-766. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00042.x
Cerase, Francesco. 1974. „Expections and Reality: A Case Study of Return Migration from the Unites States to Southern Italy“. International Migration Review 8 (2): 245-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791837400800210
Cohen, Rina and Gerald Gold. 1997. „Constructing Ethnicity: Myth of Return and Modes of Exclusion among Israelis in Toronto“. International Migration 35 (3): 373-394. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00018
Colton, Nora Ann. 1993. „Homeward Bound: Yemeni Return Migration“. International Migration Review 27 (4): 870-882. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839302700407
Conradson, David and Deirdre Mckay. 2007. „Translocal Subjectivities: Mobility, Connection, Emotion“. Mobilities 2 (2):167-174. DOI: 10.1080/17450100701381524
Čapo Žmegač, Jasna. 2005. „Trajna privremenost u Njemačkoj i povratak hrvatskih ekonomskih migranata“ [Permanent temporary residence in Germany and the return of Croatian economic migrants]. In Stanovništvo Hrvatske - dosadašnji razvoj i perspektive [The Population of Croatia - developments and perspectives], edited by Živić, Dražen, Nenad Pokos i Anka Mišetić, 255-273. Zagreb: Institut društvenih znanosti Ivo Pilar.
Čapo Žmegač, Jasna. 2010. „Različiti pristupi povratnim migracijama: primjer Hrvatske“. [Different Approaches to Return Migration: The Case of Croatia]. Studia ethnologica Croatica 22 (1): 11-38.
Čapo, Jasna. 2012. „’Not a Soul Can Plan to Return for Sure!’ Double Homing Desire of Croatian Migrants in Germany“. In Migration and Identity. Historical, Cultural and Linguistic Dimensions of Mobility in the Balkans, Petko Hristov ed., 38-48. Sofia: Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum Bulgarian Academy of Sciences – Paradigma.
De Haas, Hein and Tineke Fokkema. 2011. „The effects of integration and transnational ties on international return migration intentions“. Demographic Research 25: 755-782. DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.24
De Haas, Hein, Tineke Fokkema and Mohamed Fassi Fihri. 2015. „Return Migration as Failure or Success? The Determinants of Return Migration Intentions Among Moroccan Migrants in Europe“. Int. Migration & Integration 16: 415–429. DOI 10.1007/s12134-014-0344-6
Dumon, W. 1986. „Problems Faced by Migrations and their Family Members, Particulary Second Generation Migrants, in Returning to and Reintegrating into their Countries of Origin“. International Migration 24 (1): 113-128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1986.tb00105.x
Dustmann, Cristian. 1996. „Return migration: the European experience“. Economic policy 11 (22): 213-250. https://doi.org/10.2307/1344525
Faist, Thomas. 2000. „Transnationalization in international migration: implications for the study of citizenship and culture.“ Ethnic and Racial Studies 23 (2): 189-222. DOI: 10.1080/014198700329024
Ganga, Deianira. 2006. „From Potential Returnees into Settlers: Nottinghams Older Italians“. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32 (8): 1395–1413. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830600928789
Gmelch, George. 1980. „Return Migration“. Annual Review of Anthropology 9: 135-159. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.001031
Halilovich, Hariz. 2012. „Trans-Local Communities in the Age of Transnationalism: Bosnians in Diaspora“. International Migration 50 (1): 162-178. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2435.2011.00721.x ·
Ivanović, Vladimir. 2012. Geburtstag pišeš normalno. Jugoslovenski gastarbajteri u Austriji i SR Nemačkoj 1965-1973. [„Geburtstag you write normal“: Yugoslav Guest Workers in FR Germany and Austria 1965-1973]. Beograd: Institut za savremenu istoriju.
King, Russell and Anastasia Christou. 2010. „Diaspora, Migration and Transnationalism: Insights from the Study of Second-Generation ‘Returnees’“. In Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods, edited by Rainer Bauböck and Thomas Faist, 167–183. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
Klimt, Andrea. 2000. „European Spaces: Portuguese Migrants’ Notions of Home and Belonging“. Diaspora. A Journal of Transnational Studies 9 (2): 259-285. DOI: 10.1353/dsp.2000.0007
Krstić, Marija. 2011. „Dijaspora i radnici na privremenom radu u inostranstvu: osnovni pojmovi“. [The Diaspora and Temporary Migrant Workers: Basic Concepts]. Etnoantropološki problemi 6 (2): 295-318. https://doi.org/10.21301/EAP.v6i2.1.
Lepore, Silvia. 1986. „Problems Confronting Migrants and Members of Their Families When They Return to Their Countries of Origin“. International Migration 24 (1): 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1986.tb00104.x
Markov, Ivaylo. 2012. „Migration, Household and Decision-Making Conflicts: The Case of Albanians from the Republic of Macedonia“. In Migration and Identity. Historical, Cultural and Linguistic Dimensions of Mobility in the Balkans, edited by Petko Hristov, 115 – 129. Sofia: Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum Bulgarian Academy of Sciences – Paradigma.
Meyer, Jean-Baptiste. 2001. „Network Approach versus Brain Drain: Lessons from the Diaspora“. International Migration 39 (5): 91–110. doi:10.1111/1468-2435.00173
Newland, Kathleen and Hiroyuki Tanaka. 2010. Mobilizing Diaspora Entrepreneurship for Development. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
Pavlov, Tanja, Robert Kozma and Bojan Velev. 2012. Dijaspora kao resurs lokalnog razvoja. [Diaspora as a resource for local development] Beograd: Grupa 484.
Pavlov, Tanja, Jelena Predojević-Despić and Svetlana Milutinović. 2013. „Transnacionalno preduzetništvo: iskustva migranata-povratnika u Srbiju“ [Transnational Entrepreneurship: Experiences of Migrant-Returnees to Serbia]. Sociologija LV (2): 261-282. DOI: 10.2298/SOC1302261P
Peračković, Krešimir. 2006. „Sociološki pristup u istraživanju procesa povratnih migracija“ [Sociological Approach in the Research of Processes of Returning Migrations]. Društvena istraživanja 15, 3 (83): 475-498.
Predojević-Despić, Jelena. 2011. „Prostorne karakteristike emigracije iz Srbije: Od gastarbajtera do migrantskih mreža“. [Main territorial characteristics of emigration from Serbia to EU: From guest workers to chain migration]. Demografski pregled IX (42): 1-4. Beograd: Institut društvenih nauka.
Predojević-Despić, Jelena and Goran Penev. 2016. „Emigracioni tokovi iz Srbije i uloga migrantskih mreža: Izgledi za budućnost“ [Emigration from Serbia and the Role of Migrant Networks: Future Prospects]. In Seobe i razvoj [Migration and Development], edited by Goran Bašić, 332-344. Beograd: Institut društvenih nauka - Centar za ekonomska istraživanja.
Rašević, Mirjana. 2016. „Migracije u funkciji razvoja: Mogućnost ili mit“. [Migration for Development: Potential or Myth]. In Seobe i razvoj [Migration and Development], edited by Goran Bašić, 50-58. Beograd: Institut društvenih nauka - Centar za ekonomska istraživanja.
Safran, William. 1991. „Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return“. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 1 (1): 83-99. DOI: 10.1353/dsp.1991.0004
Schierup, Carl-Ulrik. 1981. „Povratne migracije i nova međunarodna podjela rada“. [Return Migration and New International Division of Labour]. Revija za sociologiju IX (3-4): 131-142.
Stanković, Vladimir. 2014. Srbija u procesu spoljnih migracija. [Serbia in the Process of External Migration]. Beograd: RZS.
Stark, Oded. 2019. „Behavior in reverse: reasons for return migration“. Behavioural Public Policy 3 (1): 104–126. doi:10.1017/bpp.2018.27
Statistical Yearbook Migration & Integration 2022. „More than a quarter of the total Austrian population
has a migration background“. Statistics Austria. www.statistik.at
Sussman, Nan. 2000. „The Dynamic Nature of Cultural Identity Throughout Cultural Transitions: Why Home Is Not So Sweet“. Personality and Social Psychology Review 4 (4): 355-373. DOI
Tannenbaum, Michal. 2007. „Back and Forth: Immigrants’ Stories of Migration and Return“. International Migration 45 (5): 147-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2007.00430.x
Vertovec, Steven. 2002. „Transnational Networks and Skilled Labour Migration“. Ladenburger Diskurs “Migration” Gottlieb Daimler- und Karl Benz-Stiftung, Ladenburg, 14-15 February 2002.
Vertovec, Steven. 2007. „Circular Migration: The way forward in global policy?“ Oxford: International Migration Institute Working Paper No. 4.
Vesković Anđelković, Milica. 2019. „Dijaspora i savremeni svet – potreba za promenom pristupa proučavanja“. [Diaspora and contemporary world - the need to change study approach]. Sociologija LXI: 655-675. https://doi.org/10.2298/SOC19S1655V
Waldorf, Brigitte. 1995. „Determinants of International Return Migration Intentions“. The Professional Geografer 47 (2): 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1995.00125.x
Warnes, Anthony M. and Allan Williams. 2006. „Older Migrants in Europe: A New Focus for Migration Studies“. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32 (8): 1257-1281. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830600927617
Wessendorf, Susanne. 2007. „’Roots Migrants': Transnationalism and 'Return' among Second-Generation Italians in Switzerland. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 33 (7): 1083 – 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691830701541614
White, Paul. 2006. „Migrant Populations Approaching Old Age: Prospects in Europe“. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32 (8): 1283-1300. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830600927708
Téléchargements
Publiée
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Partage dans les Mêmes Conditions 4.0 International.
ERIH PLUS - European Reference Index for the Humanities
World Cat
AnthroSerbia
