Retour transnational et transformation locale: Étude de cas d’entrepreuneurs revenants dans la Krajina de Negotin
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v20i2.3Mots-clés :
migrations de retour, entrepreneurs revenants, génération 1.5, approche concentrée sur les agents, Krajina de Negotin, SerbieRésumé
Dans le présent travail nous discutons sur les entrepreuneurs revenants en Serbie Orientale, avec une attention particulière consacrée aux représentants de ce qu’on appelle la génération 1.5 de migrants – des personnes qui ont passé leur enfance en Serbie, et qui ensuite, dans l’adolescence, ont émigré à l’étranger chez leurs parents. Leur retour en Serbie comprend un processus complexe de transmission de ressources et d’action énergique dans les milieux locaux. Dans cette recherche nous nous appuyons sur le paradigme transnational et l’analyse quantitative des données aux niveaux micro et méso, basé sur le travail de terrain ethnographique et des entretiens semi-structurés, menés à Negotin et dans ses alentours – la région connue comme la Krajina de Negotin. C’est une région frontalière de la Serbie avec une longue histoire d’émigration, aujourd’hui caractérisée par l’abandon économique, une chute démographique drastique, une population vieillie, un peuplement faible et une mauvaise infrastructure. C’est justement en raison d’une marginalisation qui dure depuis plusieurs décennies que la Krajina de Negotin représente un terrain particulièrement convenable pour relever et comprendre les microtransformations qu’initient les revenants, aussi bien à travers les activités formelles entrepreneuriales, qu’à travers la transmission des pratiques, normes et valeurs sociales.
Les questions de recherche sont orientées vers la manière dont les revenants façonnent narrativement leurs trajectoires migratoires et leurs expériences du retour, comment ils interprètent les défis locaux, quelles stratégies de réintégration ils développent et de quelle manière ils utilisent le capital économique, social et culturel acquis à l’étranger. Un accent particulier est mis sur le concept des „apports sociaux“ – la transmission des idées, des normes, de l’éthique du travail, le rapport envers la communauté et les connaissances qui font partie des pratiques quotidiennes façonnées par l’expérience migratoire et transnationale. Les revenants ne fonctionnent pas seulement dans ce contexte comme des agents qui contribuent économiquement à la communauté locale, mais aussi comme des médiateurs entre deux systèmes sociaux – ils sont porteurs des connaissances et des habitudes qui à long terme contribuent au développement de la vie locale.
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