L’artisanat, il n’y a que ça de vrai : production artisanale, spécialisation et prestige dans les sociétés préhistoriques
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v17i3.3Mots-clés :
production artisanale, spécialisation, technologie préhistorique, objets de prestige, stratification socialeRésumé
La spécialisation artisanale implique que les tâches et/ou les activités concrètes n’étaient effectuées que par certains membres de la communauté, soit comme l’activité principale/de base, soit simultanément à d’autres activités. L’apparition de la spécialisation est souvent associée à des sociétés complexes, plus précisément, son existence est sous-entendue si la stratification sociale est présente, c’est-à-dire que l’existence de la spécialisation est niée si les sociétés ne sont pas stratifiées. Cependant, l’organisation de la production de différents biens et l’apparition et le développement de la spécialisation sont beaucoup plus complexes ; l’existence de la spécialisation ne peut pas être caractérisée uniquement comme présente/absente, mais il en existe de différents types et degrés. Pour cette raison, au cours des dernières décennies on ressent le besoin des nouveaux cadres théoriques révisés. Ainsi, certains auteurs proposent de nouvelles définitions de la spécialisation et de l’organisation de la production et des aspects sociaux et culturels (en plus de ceux purement économiques) qui influencent la production des biens et les choix technologiques sont particulièrement mis en avant. Le pouvoir et le statut prestigieux dans la société ne sont pas uniquement liés au contrôle des ressources et à une plus grande quantité de biens matériels, mais aussi à leur type – c’est-à-dire que les objets de prestige sont un facteur important pour le développement de l’artisanat, l’apparition de la spécialisation artisanale et l’apparition/l’augmentation des inégalités sociales. Au cours de la préhistoire, une importance et une valeur symboliques ont été attachées à certaines technologies et à certains objets non seulement à cause d’une matière première exotique ou d’autres propriétés appréciées (telles que la résistance et la durabilité d’un objet, mais aussi des propriétés non utilitaires comme la couleur), mais aussi en raison de l’effort investi et de l’habileté nécessaire à sa production. Ce type d’objets de prestige donnaient ou reflétaient de la réputation et du statut à ceux qui les produisaient et/ou à ceux qui les possédaient.
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