L’autorité et la production de la connaissance archéologiques
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.21301/EAP.V11I3.6Mots-clés :
autorité, production de la connaissance, ethnographie des pratiques archéologiques, puissance/connaissanceRésumé
L’archéologie repose sur un réseau de diverses pratiques individuelles et institutionnelles, qui unies, forment et formulent des interprétations du passé. En pratique, en archéologie, les sites trouvés et les traces matérielles représentent des endroits sur lesquels les couches non définies et les structures physiques, issues d’un tas de saleté et de matériels rejetés, se transforment en connaissance du passé. Partant d’une perspective de formation de connaissances et de formation des faits du passé, les fouilles archéologiques ne représentent pas uniquement un processus de recherche. La formation des connaissances en archéologie, sur le terrain et en dehors de lui, se déroule toujours dans des conditions spécifiques, elle unit non seulement les professionnels avec les institutions, mais également les vestiges matériels avec les individus qui les «découvrent», les traduisent et les interprètent. Parlant au sens figuré du mot, dans un contexte mêlé entre les archéologues et la culture matérielle, la personne qui définit la connaissance d’un objet, crée également son identité professionnelle, tandis que l’objet qui est en processus d’identification crée l’archéologue. Issu d’une logique spécifique des pratiques disciplinaires, le résultat final représente une explication choisie et définie du passé. Néanmoins, la question qui se pose, est de savoir quelles interprétations sont plus justes, de qui et de quoi elles dépendent, et qui est en mesure de s’exprimer sur l’authenticité du matériel trouvé ou du matériel de recherche. Partant de là, la discussion soulève le problème du concept d’autorité et son rôle dans la formation des connaissances en archéologie. Les analyses actuelles démontrent qu’on ne peut pas considérer l’autorité comme une source finale, qui apparaît et disparaît périodiquement, mais comme un aboutissement des interactions et des bouleversements culturels et sociaux. L’espace théorique pour une étude de l’autorité est formulé à partir des observations de Foucault sur les des relations entre puissance et connaissance. Les axes de reconnaissance d’autorité dans les pratiques disciplinaires en archéologie représentent, d’un côté, les catégories choisies, l’autorité suprême, épistatique et intellectuelle, et de l’autre côté l’application de l’ethnographie archéologique. Le cadre théorique proposé doit permettre une réflexion sur les modes et les sources d’autorité en archéologie et son rôle dans la formation des connaissances archéologiques du passé.
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