Les leçons obsédantes
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v11i2.6Mots-clés :
horreur, œuvres d’art, lieux de violence extrême, lieux hantés de vie socialeRésumé
Cet article traite l’horreur dans les travaux de trois artistes qui choisissent pour sujet les sites et les traces de la violence la plus extrême. Il s’agit de la performance de l’actrice australienne Kim Verko Sept kilomètres au nord-est, puis du film de la réalisatrice bosnienne Jasmila Žbanić basé sur cette performance, Pour ceux qui ne peuvent parler, et enfin du projet du photographe bosnien Zijah Gafić, toujours en cours, À la recherche de l’identité – série de photographies des vestiges matériels trouvés dans les charniers des alentours de Srebrenica, dont certains sont exposés dans la Salle mémorielle de Srebrenica dans l’ancien siège du bataillon hollandais de UNPROFOR à Potočari. Les travaux de Verko et de Žbanić se concentrent sur Višegrad et notamment le motel Vilina Vlas, un véritable camp de viols systématiques au cours de la guerre en Bosnie. Les endroits comme celui-là dans lesquels se sont déroulés des actes de violence portent plus que des traces ; ces endroits sont remplis de tout ce qui entoure les événements du passé, de ce qui reste en eux et les anime. Avery Gordon les décrit comme des endroits maudits de la vie sociale qui ne sont pas facilement perceptibles mais dont la présence peut être sentie. Les crimes de masse, la violence sexuelle, le génocide et la violence coloniale laissent des traces qui imprègnent l’environnement et peuvent créer une atmosphère inconsciente mais clairement perçue et perceptible de l’horreur et de l’obsession. Ces lieux incarnent ce que Julia Kristeva appelle “abjection”, ce qui dépasse les « frontières, positions, règles » et « perturbe l’identité, le système, l’ordre ». En analysant ces œuvres d’art et en se référant à ses propres expériences comme journaliste ayant travaillé dans la Croatie et la Bosnie-Herzégovine d’après-guerre, j’examine comment la nature double de l’abjection entre en corrélation avec les vestiges matériels et les lieux de la violence la plus extrême pour causer des perturbations psychologiques. Mon argument est que ces œuvres révèlent comment un site en apparence inanimé peut devenir un site de l’horreur animé, et qu’encore sont engagées les tentatives créatives de transformer l’abjection psychique et spatiale motivée par une hantise productive « de faire quelque chose ».
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