On the Acceleration of Time from the Perspective of Technological and Cognitive Innovativeness: A Structural-Semiologic Analysis of H. G. Wells’s The Time Machine
Keywords:
the ficional novum of the time machine,
external time,
internal time,
acceleration of time,
creativity,
innovativeness,
Herbert George Wells,
The Time Traveller,
dystopia
Abstract
The paper provides an analysis of Herbert George Wells’s novel The Time Machine (1895), specifically, of those aspects of the novel that deal with the relationship between the phenomenon of technological and cognitive innovativeness, on the one hand, and the experience of time and its perception, on the other. The concept of the acceleration of time, which is key to this study, denotes the phenomenon manifesting itself through the prism of two types of non-synchronization of “internal†or “subjective†time and “externalâ€, collectively shared “objective timeâ€: in the first case, “external†time is accelerated relative to “internal†time, while in the second, conversely, “internal†time is accelerated relative to “external timeâ€. The paper offers a contextual analysis of The Time Machine, also employing a structural-semiologic approach and method, which in this case also includes the traditional functionalist method of differentiating between manifest and latent functions. The first research question the paper seeks to answer is how the idea/invention of the fictitious novum of the time machine came about, i.e. what kind of cognitive-innovative process enabled it. The other question, related to the first, is whether it is possible to “peer into†the infrastructure of the imagination of creative people, into that part that usually remains confined to the unconscious. A structural-semiologic analysis of the nature of the creativity/innovation process, which, in this study, is related to the Victorian era as the social and economic context in which The Time Machine was written, as well as to the interconnected domains of technological and cognitive innovativeness, suggests the possibility of establishing an Anthropology of Innovativeness as a new anthropological subdiscipline.
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References
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Ðœunitić, Ranko. 1986. Alisa na putu kroz podzemlje i kroz veÄnost. Beograd: Den Press.
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Petrović, Gordana (ur.). 1984. Mašine – ilustrovana enciklopedija. Beograd: Vuk Karadžić.
Petrović, Daliborka. 2016. „Makroekonomski ambijent u funkciji podsticanja inovacija i preduzetništva – primer države Izrael“. Megatrend revija 13 (1): 1-34.
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Senor, Dan i Sol Singer. 2011. Nacija u usponu – priÄa o izraelskom ekonomskom Äudu. Beograd: Klub Plus.
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Žikić, Bojan. 2006. „Strah i ludilo: prolegomena za antropoloÅ¡ko prouÄavanje savremene žanr književnosti“. EtnoantropoloÅ¡ki problemi 1 (2): 27-43. https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v1i2.2
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Ajanović, Midhat. 2019. „Distopija, žanr našeg vremena“. Kvadrat 40-41: 131-143.
Ðrsenijević, MiloÅ¡. 2003. Vreme i vremena. Beograd: Dereta.
Božović, Ratko. 1977. „Slobodno vreme i podeljeni Äovek“. Kultura 36/ 37: 226-243.
Basara, Svetislav. 2011. Mongloski bedeker/ Napuklo ogledalo. Beograd: Laguna.
Casson, Mark & Andrew Godley. 2010. “Enterpreneurship in Britain, 1830-1900â€. In Entrepreneurship: theory, networks, history, 211-242, edited by Mark Casson. London: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Cantor, Paul A. & Peter Hufnagel. 2006. „The Empire of the Future: Imperialism and Modernism in H. G. Wells. Studies in the Novel 38 (1): 36-56.
Cravetto, Enrico (ur.). 2008. Povijest 15: Kolonijalna carstva i imperijalizam (1871-1914). Zagreb: Europapress Holding.
Durkheim, Emile. 1968. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Fabijeti, Ugo, Roberto Maligeti, VinÄenco Matera. 2002. Uvod u antropologiju. Od lokalnog do globalnog. Beograd: Clio.
Frye, Northrop. 1973. Anatomy of Criticism – four essays. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
FiÅ¡ić, Jelena. 2009. „Konstruisanje i dekonstruisanje viktorijanskog romana i doba ili postmodernizam na Faulsov naÄin“. Stvar – Äasopis za teorijske prakse 1 (1): 44-51.
Gojković, NataÅ¡a. 2016. DruÅ¡tvena uslovljenost psiholoÅ¡kog profila književnog lika u viktorijanskom i modernistiÄkom romanu – doktorska disertacija. Novi Sad: Filozofski fakultet – Odsek za jezik i književnost. Univerzitet u Novom Sadu.
Groensteen, Thierry. 2007. The System of Comics. Jackson: University Press of Missisipi.
Groensteen, Thierry. 2013. Comics and Narration. Jackson: University Press of Missisipi.
Hegarty, Mary & Andrew T. Stull. 2012. „Visuospatial thinking.“ In The Oxford Haandbook of Thinking and Reasoning, edited by Keith J. Holyoak & Robert G. Morisson, 606-630. London: Oxford University Press.
Hanstrom, Sissel. 2013. The fear of the Fall: Degeneration and Social Inequality in the Frame Narrative of H. G. Wells’s The Time Machine. Stockholm University – department of English.
Dostupno na: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A692369&dswid=-1875
Harvi, Dejvid. 2012. Kratka istorija neoliberalizma. Novi Sad: Mediterran Publishing.
Holms, RiÄard. 2011. Doba Äuda – kako je pokoljenje romantiÄara otkrilo lepotu i užas nauke. Beograd: Dosije Studio.
Kirda Bolhorves, Vladimir. 2016. Utopija u delu Herberta Džordža Velsa i Gabrijela Kosteljnika – doktorska disertacija. Filozofski fakultet – Odsek za rusinistiku. Univerzitet u Novom Sadu.
КоvaÄević, Ivan i Ljiljana Gavrilović. 2013. Antropologija nauÄne fantastike – Nova srpska antropologija, knj. 4. Beograd: Odeljenje za etnologiju i antropologiju Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu i Srpski genealoÅ¡ki centar.
Kulenović, Nina. 2017. Objašnjenje u antropologiji – polemike. Beograd: Odeljenje za etnologiju i antropologiju. Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu.
Каku, MiÄio. 2015. Hiperprostor. Beograd: Heliks.
Lewis, David. 1986. The Paradoxes of Time Travel. Philosophical Papers Volume II. New York: Oxford University Press.
Loung, Bernard. 2004. „Space and Time in Wells and Jules Verne“. The Wellsian 27: 3-13.
McGlone, Matthew S. & Jennifer L. Harding. 1998. „Back (or forward?) to the future: the role of perspective in temporal language comprehension“. Journal of Experimental Psychology 24: 1211-1223.
Manlove, Colin. 1993. „Charles Kingsley, H. G. Wells, and the Machine in Victorian Fiction“. Nineteenth-Century Literature 48 (2): 212-239.
Ðœerton, Robert K. 1968. Social theory and social structure. New York: The Free Press.
Maurois, Andre. 1940. Povijest engleske politike. Zagreb: Naklada Ante Velzek.
Маzzucato, Mariana. 2013. The Enterpreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths. London: Anthem Press.
Ðœunitić, Ranko. 1986. Alisa na putu kroz podzemlje i kroz veÄnost. Beograd: Den Press.
Philmus, Robert M. 1969. „’The Time Machine’: Or, The Fourth Dimension as Prophecy“. PMLA 84 (3): 530-535.
Partington, John S. 2002. „The Time machine and A Modern Utopia: The Static and Kinetic Utopias of the Early H. G. Wells“. Utopian Studies 13 (1): 57-68.
Petrović, Gordana (ur.). 1984. Mašine – ilustrovana enciklopedija. Beograd: Vuk Karadžić.
Petrović, Daliborka. 2016. „Makroekonomski ambijent u funkciji podsticanja inovacija i preduzetništva – primer države Izrael“. Megatrend revija 13 (1): 1-34.
Rosa, Hartmut. 2015. Social Acceleration: A New Theory of Modernity. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rieger, Bernhard. 2003. „’Modern Wonders’: Technological Innovation and Public Ambivalence in Britain and Germany, 1890s to 1933“. History Workshop Journal 55: 152-176.
Ribić, Vladimir. 2007. „O ekonomskoj tranziciji iz makroistorijske perspektive“. U Antropologija Postsocijalizma, uredio Vladimir Ribić, 6-23. Beograd: Srpski genealoški centar.
Simić, Marina. 2017. „AntropoloÅ¡ko prouÄavanje države: pogled na postsocijalizam“. Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SANU 65 (1): 15-29. DOI: 10.2298/GEI1701015S
Spek, Vilijam Artur. 2013. Kratka istorija Britanije 1707-1975. Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike.
Senor, Dan i Sol Singer. 2011. Nacija u usponu – priÄa o izraelskom ekonomskom Äudu. Beograd: Klub Plus.
Stojković, Branimir. 1974. „Sociologija književnosti u Francuskoj“. Kultura – Äasopis za teoriju i sociologiju kulture br. 27, 93-107.
Sinđelić, Svetozar. 2009. „Od tradicionalne do savremene filozofije nauke“. Theoria 2: 5-35.
Supek, Rudi. 1979. MaÅ¡ta. Zagreb: SveuÄiliÅ¡na naklada Liber.
Sussman, Herbert. 2009. Victoran Technology. Invention, Innovation, and the Rise of the Machine. Oxford: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Sugarman, Jeff & Erin Thrift. 2017. „Neoliberalism and the Psychology of Time“. Journal of Humanistic Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817716686
Stamenković, DuÅ¡an i MiloÅ¡ Tasić. 2017. „Temporalnost u vizuelnom jeziku stripa.“ U Jezik, književnost, vreme – jeziÄka istraživanja, uredile Biljana MiÅ¡ić Ilić i Vesna LopiÄić, 389-405. NiÅ¡: Univerzitet u NiÅ¡u, Filozofski fakultet.
Suvin, Darko. 2009. NauÄna fantastika, spoznaja, sloboda. Beograd: SlovoSlavia.
Šumpeter, Jozef. 2012. Teorija privrednog razvoja: Istraživanje profita, kapitala, kredita, kamate i poslovnog ciklusa. Beograd: Službeni glasnik.
Vitrou, Dž. Dž. 1993. Vreme kroz istoriju. Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga.
Vels, Herbert Džorž. 2005. Vremeplov. Beograd: Čarobna knjiga.
Vilijams, Rejmond. 1974. „Baza i nadgradnja u marksistiÄkoj teoriji kulture“. Kultura 26: 43-67.
Wells, H. G. 1891. „Zoological Retrogression“. The Gentleman’s Magazine, No. 271, 246-253.
Wells, H. G. 1933. „Preface“. In The Scientific Romances of H. G. Wells. London: Gollancz.
Zafranski, Ridiger. 2017. Vreme – Å¡ta ono Äini nama i Å¡ta mi Äinimo od njega. Beograd: Geopoetika izdavaÅ¡tvo.
Žikić, Bojan. 2006. „Strah i ludilo: prolegomena za antropoloÅ¡ko prouÄavanje savremene žanr književnosti“. EtnoantropoloÅ¡ki problemi 1 (2): 27-43. https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v1i2.2
Žikić, Bojan. 2010. „Antropologija i žanr: nauÄna fantastika – komunikacija identiteta“. EtnoantropoloÅ¡ki problemi 5 (1): 17-34. https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v5i1.1
Živković, Zoran. 1995. Ogledi o nauÄnoj fantastici – poetika, motivi, film. Beograd: XX vek.
Živković, Zoran (ur.). 1976. NauÄna fantastika – zbornik teorijskih radova. Beograd: XX vek.
Published
2020-07-04
How to Cite
Zarić, MiloÅ¡. 2020. “On the Acceleration of Time from the Perspective of Technological and Cognitive Innovativeness: A Structural-Semiologic Analysis of H. G. Wells’s The Time Machine”. Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 15 (2), 417–447. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v15i2.3.
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