Contribution à l’étude de l’inégalité sociale au Néolithique final dans les Balkans centraux
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v17i3.1Mots-clés :
inégalité sociale, Néolithique, Balkans centraux, indice de GiniRésumé
L’inégalité sociale est l’un des problèmes majeurs du monde contemporain et un sujet anthropologique important. La transition vers l’agriculture est souvent considérée comme un tournant important pour le développement d’inégalité sociale dans la (pré)histoire. Pour cette raison, l’étude de l’inégalité sociale dans les communautés néolithiques a une importance particulière pour la compréhension des origines et du développement de ce phénomène. Cet article représente une contribution empirique à l’étude de l’inégalité sociale au Néolithique final dans les Balkans centraux (de 5300 à 4500 AEC). L’objectif est de quantifier et d’estimer les niveaux d’inégalité entre les ménages dans trois habitats du Néolithique final : Belovode, Pločnik et Drenovac. Conformément aux études actuelles pour l’estimation de l’inégalité sociale d’après les restes archéologiques, cette étude s’appuie sur les surfaces du plancher de la maison comme indicateur de la richesse des ménages. Les mesures de surface des planchers sont fondées sur les données d’études géophysiques publiées dans la littérature avec environ 1000 mesures de surfaces de planchers de maisons disponibles pour l’analyse. L’indice de Gini est calculé pour chaque site en fonction de la distribution de la surface du plancher. Les résultats suggèrent que l’inégalité sociale sur tous les trois sites était relativement faible, les valeurs de Gini allant de 0,18 à 0,22. Ces valeurs correspondent aux estimations de Gini basées sur les recherches antérieures de l’inégalité sociale au Néolithique et à l’Énéolithique dans les Balkans centraux. Comparées à la variation interculturelle basée sur les sources ethnographiques, historiques et archéologiques dans la littérature, ces valeurs sont faibles par rapport aux autres communautés horticoles et agricoles. Une explication potentielle pour des valeurs aussi faibles serait que la production agricole au Néolithique final dans les Balkans centraux était limitée en main-d’œuvre plutôt qu’en terres, ce qui se traduit généralement par un potentiel faible d’inégalité sociale, comme ont supposé et démontré Bogaard et al. (2019). D’autre part, nous devons garder à l’esprit que la richesse est mesurée par procuration, ce qui convient à la détection des tendances statistiques dans les comparaisons interculturelles, mais peut être moins fiable pour les cas individuels. De plus, il n’est pas certain que la maison individuelle soit l’unité sociale de base, comme il est possible qu’elle soit l’unité sociale de base pour un groupe de sociétés comprenant des familles élargies vivant dans plusieurs maisons. Par conséquent, le résultat qui suggère des niveaux faibles d’inégalité sociale devrait être considéré comme une hypothèse qui nécessite une évaluation plus profonde avec d’autres catégories de preuves.
Téléchargements
Références
, Michael A. 1996. "Land Tenure, Archaeology, and the Ancestral Pueblo Social Landscape." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 15 (4): 337-371.
Adler, Michael A., and Richard H. Wilshusen. 1990. "Large-Scale Integrative Facilities in Tribal Societies: Cross-Cultural and Southwestern US Examples." World Archaeology 22 (2): 133-146.
Ames, Kenneth. 2007. "The Archaeology of Rank." In Handbook of Archaeological Theories, edited by R.A. Bentley, H..D.G. Maschner and C. Chippendale, 487-513. Lanham: Altamira Press.
Ames, Kenneth. 2010. "On the evolution of the human capacity for inequality and/or egalitarianism." In Pathways to Power: New Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Inequality, 15-44. New York: Springer.
Ames, Kenneth, and Colin Grier. 2020. "Inequality on the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America measured by house-floor area and storage capacity." Antiquity 94 (376): 1042-1059.
Arponen, VPJ, Johannes Müller, Robert Hofmann, Martin Furholt, Artur Ribeiro, Christian Horn, and Martin Hinz. 2016. "Using the capability approach to conceptualise inequality in archaeology: The case of the Late Neolithic Bosnian site Okolište c. 5200–4600 BCE." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 23 (2): 541-560.
Binford, Lewis R. 1971. "Mortuary Practices: Their Study and Their Potential." Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology (25): 6-29.
Bogaard, Amy, Mattia Fochesato, and Samuel Bowles. 2019. "The farming-inequality nexus: new insights from ancient Western Eurasia." Antiquity 93 (371): 1129-1143.
Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique, Samuel Bowles, Tom Hertz, Adrian Bell, Jan Beise, Greg Clark, Ila Fazzio, Michael Gurven, Kim Hill, and Paul L Hooper. 2009. "Intergenerational wealth transmission and the dynamics of inequality in small-scale societies." Science 326 (5953): 682-688.
Borić, Dušan. 1996. "Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices." Starinar 47: 67-83.
Borić, Dušan. 2008. "First Households and 'House Societies' in European Prehistory." In Prehistoric Europe: Theory and Practice, edited by Andrew Jones, 109-142. Oxford: Blackwell.
Borić, Dušan. 2015. "The End of the Vinča World: Modelling the Neolithic to Copper Age Transition and the Notion of Archaeological Culture." In Neolithic and Copper Age between the Carpathians and the Aegean Sea. Chronologies and Technologies from the 6th to 4th Millennium BC. International Workshop Budapest 2012, edited by Svend Hansen, Alexandra Anders, Pál Raczky and Agathe Reingruber, 157-217. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt.
Borić, Dušan, Bryan Hanks, Duško Šljivar, Miroslav Kočić, Jelena Bulatović, Seren Griffiths, Roger Doonan, and Dragan Jacanović. 2018. "Enclosing the Neolithic World: A Vinča Culture Enclosed and Fortified Settlement in the Balkans." Current Anthropology 59 (3): 336-346.
Bowles, Samuel, Eric Alden Smith, and Monique Borgerhoff Mulder. 2010. "The emergence and persistence of inequality in premodern societies: introduction to the special section." Current Anthropology 51 (1): 7-17.
Ceriani, Lidia, and Paolo Verme. 2012. "The origins of the Gini index: extracts from Variabilità e Mutabilità (1912) by Corrado Gini." The Journal of Economic Inequality 10 (3): 421-443.
Chapman, John. 1981. The Vinča Culture of South East Europe. Vol. 117BAR International Series 117. Oxford: BAR.
Chapman, John. 1990. "Social inequality on Bulgarian tells and the Varna problem." In The social archaeology of houses, edited by R. Samson, 49-92. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Chapman, John. 1991. "The creation of social arenas in the Neolithic and Copper Age of South East Europe: the case of Varna." In Sacred and Profane, edited by P.Garwood, P. Jennings, R. Skeates and J. Toms, 152-171. Oxford: Oxbow.
Chapman, John. 2010. "Houses, households, villages and proto-cities in Southeastern Europe." In The lost world of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000 – 3500 BC, edited by D.W. Anthony and J. Y. Chi, 74-89. Princeton, N.J.: Institute for the Study of the Ancient World.
Crnobrnja, Adam. 2014. "The (E)neolithic Settlement Crkvine at Stubline, Serbia." In The Neolithic and Eneolithic in Southeast Europe: New Approaches to Dating and Cultural Dynamics in the 6th to 4th Millennium BC, edited by Wolfram Schier and Florin Draşovean, 173-186. Rahden/Westf.: Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH.
Flannery, Kent, and Joyce Marcus. 2012. The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Fochesato, Mattia, Amy Bogaard, and Samuel Bowles. 2019. "Comparing ancient inequalities: the challenges of comparability, bias and precision." Antiquity 93 (370): 853-869.
Fried, Morton H. 1967. The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gaastra, Jane S, Haskel J Greenfield, and Marc Vander Linden. 2018. "Gaining traction on cattle exploitation: zooarchaeological evidence from the Neolithic Western Balkans." Antiquity 92 (366): 1462-1477.
Gaydarska, Bisserka, Nancy Beavan, and Vladimir Slavchev. 2022. "Lifeway interpretations from ancient diet in the Varna cemetery." Oxford Journal of Archaeology 41 (1): 22-41.
Glišić, Jovan. 1968. "Ekonomika i socijalno ekonomski odnosi u neolitu Podunavsko-pomoravskog basena." U Neolit centralnog Balkana, uredio Lazar Trifunović, 21-61. Beograd: Narodni muzej.
Graeber, David, and David Wengrow. 2021. The dawn of everything: A new history of humanity. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Greenfield, HJ. 2017. "Hunting and herding in the Middle Neolithic of central Serbia: a zooarchaeological analysis of Stragari-Šljivik, Serbia." In Economic Zooarchaeology: Studies in Hunting, Herding and Early Agriculture, edited by P. Rowley-Conwy, D. Serjeantson and P. Halstead, 183-196. Oxford: Oxbow.
Halstead, Paul. 1989. "The economy has a normal surplus: economic stability and social change among early farming communities of Thessaly, Greece." In Bad year economics: cultural responses to risk and uncertainty, edited by Paul Halstead and John O'Shea, 68-80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Halstead, Paul. 1995. "From sharing to hoarding: the Neolithic foundations of Aegean Bronze Age society." In Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age, edited by R. Laffineur and W.-D. Niemeier, 11-20. Liege: University of Liege.Halstead, Paul. 1999. "Neighbours from hell? The household in Neolithic Greece." In Neolithic Society in Greece, edited by Paul Halstead, 77-95. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
Halstead, Paul. 2006. What's ours is mine? Village and household in early farming society in Greece; gehouden voor de Stichting Nederlands Museum voor Anthropologie en Praehistorie te Amsterdam op 3 November 2006. Amsterdam: Stichting Nederlands Museum voor Anthropologie en Praehistorie.
Halstead, Paul. 2011. "Feast, food and fodder in Neolithic-Bronze age Greece: commensality and
the construction of value." eTopoi. Journal for Ancient Studies 2: 21-51.
Hayden, Brian, and Aubrey Cannon. 1982. "The Corporate Group as an Archaeological Unit." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1: 132-158.
Honch, Noah V, TFG Higham, J Chapman, B Gaydarska, and REM Hedges. 2006. "A palaeodietary investigation of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) in human and faunal bones from the Copper Age cemeteries of Varna I and Durankulak, Bulgaria." Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (11): 1493-1504.
Kintigh, Keith W, Jeffrey Altshul, Mary C Beaudry, Robert D Drennan, Ann P Kinzig, Timothy A Kohler, W Fredrick Limp, Herbert DG Maschner, William K Michener, and Timothy R Pauketat. 2014. "Grand Challenges for Archaeology." American Antiquity 79 (1): 5-24.
Kohler, Timothy A., and Rebecca Higgins. 2016. "Quantifying Household Inequality in Early Pueblo Villages." Current Anthropology 57 (5): 690-697.
Kohler, Timothy A., and Michael E. Smith. 2018. Ten thousand years of inequality: the archaeology of wealth differences. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Kohler, Timothy A., Michael E. Smith, Amy Bogaard, Gary M. Feinman, Christian E. Peterson, Alleen Betzenhauser, Matthew Pailes, Elizabeth C. Stone, Anna Marie Prentiss, Timothy J. Dennehy, Laura J. Ellyson, Linda M. Nicholas, Ronald K. Faulseit, Amy Styring, Jade Whitlam, Mattia Fochesato, Thomas A. Foor, and Samuel Bowles. 2017. "Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica." Nature 551 (7682): 619-622.
Mattison, Siobhán M, Eric A Smith, Mary K Shenk, and Ethan E Cochrane. 2016. "The evolution of inequality." Evolutionary Anthropology 25 (4): 184-199.
McPherron, Alan, and Chris Christopher. 1988. "The Balkan Neolithic and the Divostin Project in Perspective." In Divostin and the Neolithic of Central Serbia, edited by Alan McPherron and Dragoslav Srejović, 463-492. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.
Milanović, Branko. 2016. Globalna nejednakost. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga.
Müller, Johannes. 2012. "Tells, Fire, and Copper as Social Technologies." In Tells: Social and Environmental Space, edited by Robert Hofmann, Fevzi-Kemal Moetz and Johannes Müller, In Proceedings of the International Workshop “Socio-Environmental Dynamics over the Last 12,000 Years: The Creation of Landscapes II (14th –18th March 2011)” in Kiel, 47-52. Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
Müller, Johannes. 2017. " Inheritance, population and social identities. Southeast Europe 5200-4300 BCE." In Balkan Dialogues. Negotiating Identity between Prehistory and the Present edited by Maja Gori and Maria Ivanova, 156-168. London: Routledge.
Netting, Robert McC. 1982. "Some Home Truths on Household Size and Wealth." American Behavioral Scientist 25: 641-662.
O'Shea, John. 1984. Mortuary variability: An Archaeological Investigation. New York: Academic Press.
Orton, David. 2012. "Herding, Settlement, and Chronology in the Balkan Neolithic." European Journal of Archaeology 15: 5-40.
Perić, Slaviša. 2017. "Drenovac: a Neolithic settlement in the Middle Morava Valley, Serbia." Antiquity 91 (357).
Perić, Slaviša, Cristoph Rummel, Georg Schaefferer, Daniel Winger, and Holger Wendling. 2016. "Geomagnetic survey of Neolithic settlements in the middle Morava Valley - preliminary results." In The Neolithic in the Middle Morava Valley 2, edited by Slaviša Perić, 9-27. Belgrade: Institute of Archaeology.
Piketi, Toma. 2015. Kapital u XXI veku. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga.
Porčić, Marko. 2012. "Social complexity and inequality in the Late Neolithic of the Central Balkans: reviewing the evidence." Documenta Praehistorica 39: 167-183.
Porčić, Marko. 2019a. "Evaluating social complexity and inequality in the Balkans between 6500 and 4200 BC." Journal of Archaeological Research 27 (3): 335-390.
Porčić, Marko. 2019b. "Society and technology in the Neolithic and Eneolithic of the Balkans." In Habitus? The Social Dimension of Technology and Transformation, edited by S. Kadrow and J. Müller, 19-33. Leiden: Sidestone Press.
Price, T. Douglas, and Gary M. Feinman. 1995a. "Foundations of Prehistoric Social Inequality." In Foundations of Social Inequality, edited by Douglas T. Price and Gary M. Feinman, 3-11. New York: Plenum Press.
Price, T. Douglas, and Gary M. Feinman, eds. 1995b. Foundations of Social Inequality. New York: Plenum Press.
Price, T. Douglas, and Gary M. Feinman, eds. 2010a. Pathways to Power: New Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Inequality. New York: Springer.
Price, T. Douglas, and Gary M. Feinman. 2010b. "Social Inequality and the Evolution of Human Social Organization." In Pathways to Power: New Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Inequality, edited by T. Douglas Price and Gary M. Feinman, 1-14. New York: Springer.
Radivojević, Miljana, Benjamin W. Roberts, Miroslav Marić, Julka Kuzmanović Cvetković, and Thilo Rehren, eds. 2021. The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia. Evolution, Organisation and Consumption of Early Metal in the Balkans. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Rassmann, Knut, Martin Furholt, Nils Müller-Scheeßel, and Johannes Müller. 2021a. "The social organisation of the Vinča culture settlements. New evidence from magnetic and archaeological excavation data." In The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia. Evolution, Organisation and Consumption of Early Metal in the Balkans, edited by Miljana Radivojević, Benjamin W. Roberts, Miroslav Marić, Julka Kuzmanović Cvetković and Thilo Rehren, 455–459. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Rassmann, Knut, Roman Scholz, Patrick Mertl, Jugoslav Pendić, and Aleksandar Jablanović. 2021b. "Pločnik: geomagnetic prospection data as a proxy for the reconstruction of house numbers, population size and the internal spatial structure." In The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia Evolution, Organisation and Consumption of Early Metal in the Balkans, edited by Miljana Radivojević, Benjamin W. Roberts, Miroslav Marić, Julka Kuzmanović Cvetković and Thilo Rehren, 271-280. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Rassmann, Knut, Roman Scholz, Patrick Mertl, Kai Radloff, Jugoslav Pendić, and Aleksandar Jablanović. 2021c. "Belovode: geomagnetic data as a proxy for the reconstruction of house numbers, population size and the internal spatial structure." In The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia. Evolution, Organisation and Consumption of Early Metal in the Balkans, edited by M. Radivojević, B. W. Roberts, M. Marić, J. K. Cvetković and T. Rehren, 94-107. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Saxe, A.A. 1970. "Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices." PhD, University of Michigan.
Schneider, Caroline A, Wayne S Rasband, and Kevin W Eliceiri. 2012. "NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis." Nature Methods 9 (7): 671-675.
Smith, Eric A., Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Samuel Bowles, Michael Gurven, Tom Hertz, and Mary K. Shenk. 2010. "Production Systems, Inheritance, and Inequality in Premodern Societies." Current Anthropology 51: 85-94.
Smith, Michael E, Timothy Dennehy, April Kamp-Whittaker, Emily Colon, and Rebecca Harkness. 2014. "Quantitative measures of wealth inequality in ancient central Mexican communities." Advances in Archaeological Practice 2 (4): 311-323.
Souvatzi, Stella G. 2008. A Social Archaeology of Households in Neolithic Greece: An Anthropological Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Spasić, Miloš. 2013. "Neolisko naselje u Stublinama." Godišnjak grada Beograda 60: 11-42.
Tainter, Joseph A. 1975. "Social Inference and Mortuary Practices: An Experiment in Numerical Classification." World Archaeology 7: 1-15.
Tringham, Ruth. 1992. "Life after Selevac: why and how a Neolithic settlement is abandoned." Balcanica 23: 133-145.
Tringham, Ruth. 2000. "Southeastern Europe in the transition to agriculture in Europe: bridge, buffer or mosaic." In Europe’s First Farmers, edited by D.T. Price, 19-56. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tringham, Ruth, Bogdan Brukner, and Barbara Voytek. 1985. "The Opovo Project: A Study of Socioeconomic Change in the Balkan Neolithic." Journal of Field Archaeology 12: 425-444.
Tringham, Ruth, and Dušan Krstić, eds. 1990. Selevac: A Neolithic Village in Yugoslavia, Monumenta Archaeologica. Los Angeles: University of California.
Tripković, Boban. 2007. Domaćinstvo i prostor u kasnom neolitu: vinčansko naselje na Banjici. Beograd: Srpsko arheološko društvo.
Tripković, Boban. 2009. "House(hold) continuities in the Central Balkans, 5300-4600 BC." Opuscula Archaeologica 33: 7-28.
Tripković, Boban. 2013. Domaćinstvo i zajednica. Kućne i naseobinske istorije u kasnom neolitu Centralnog Balkana. Beograd: Filozofski fakultet.
Tripković, Boban. 2015. "Praistorijske „porodične zadruge": neolitska domaćinstva između tradicije i inovacije." Etnoantropološki problemi 10 (2): 383-404.
Vanhaeren, Marian, and Francesco d’Errico. 2005. "Grave goods from the Saint-Germain-la-Rivière burial: evidence for social inequality in the Upper Palaeolithic." Journal of Anthropological archaeology 24 (2): 117-134.
Wason, Paul K. 1994. The archaeology of rank. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wilk, Richard R. 1982. "Little House in the Jungle: The Causes of Variation in House Size among Modern Kekchi Maya." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2: 99-116.
Windler, Arne, Rainer Thiele, and Johannes Müller. 2013. "Increasing inequality in Chalcolithic Southeast Europe: the case of Durankulak." Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (1): 204-210.
Zeileis, Achim, and Christian Kleiber. 2014. ineq: Measuring Inequality, Concentration, and Poverty.
Téléchargements
Publiée
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence

Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Partage dans les Mêmes Conditions 4.0 International.


