Ouverture des tombes sarmates : pillage ou rituel ?
(site Hôpital neuropsychiatrique « Park »)
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v20i3.7Mots-clés :
antiquité tardive, hôpital neuropsychiatrique « Park », nécropole sarmate, pillage des tombes, analyse bioanthropologique, archéothanatologieRésumé
Pendant la période de l’Antiquité et de l’Antiquité tardive (Ier–Ve siècle apr. J.-C.), la région de la Pannonie méridionale (actuelle Serbie, Hongrie et Roumanie) était habitée par des tribus sarmates, qui, à travers plusieurs vagues de migration, ont vécu dans un contexte marqué par des déplacements d’autres populations intenses, des conflits fréquents et d’instabilités géopolitiques. Les sources historiques et archéologiques témoignent d’une pratique fréquente d’ouverture et de pillage des tombes durant les périodes de crise, les nécropoles sarmates étant les plus affectées. Bien que les données attestent d’un haut degré de pillage sur le territoire actuel hongrois, les interprétations archéologiques de ce phénomène en Serbie restent fragmentaires et méthodologiquement peu développées. Ce travail présente les résultats d’une analyse archéothanatologique, taphonomique et bioanthropologique des tombes sarmates de la nécropole Hôpital neuropsychiatrique « Park » à Vršac, datées du IVe siècle apr. J.-C. L’objectif de cette étude était d’identifier les modèles et la dynamique d’ouverture des tombes post mortem ainsi que l’influence de ces interventions sur la conservation du matériel squelettique et l’intégrité des ensembles funéraires. L’analyse archéothanatologique a permis de déterminer le moment de l’ouverture par rapport à la phase de décomposition du corps, tandis que les altérations taphonomiques (exfoliation, fissures, fractures, érosion) ont indiqué une exposition prolongée des restes squelettiques après cette ouverture. Des schémas d’ouverture partielle (principalement au niveau de la partie supérieure du corps), ainsi que des cas de vidage complet des tombes, ont été observés. Aucune sélectivité fondée sur le sexe, l’âge ou d’autres caractéristiques biologiques des défunts n’a été constatée. L’ensemble de ces résultats, en particulier le degré et la brutalité des atteintes aux contextes funéraires, suggère fortement que l’ouverture des tombes dans cette nécropole relève davantage d’actes de pillage que d’interventions rituelles, notamment à la lumière du contexte historico-géopolitique de l’Antiquité tardive, marqué par des migrations et des conflits intenses.
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