Otvaranje sarmatskih grobova: pljačka ili ritual?
(lokalitet Neuropsihijatrijska bolnica „Park“)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v20i3.7Ključne reči:
kasna antika, Neuropsihijatrijska bolnica „Park“, sarmatska nekropola, pljačkanje grobova, bioantropološka analiza, arheotanatologijaApstrakt
U periodu antike i kasne antike (1–5. vek n.e), prostor južne Panonije (današnja Srbija, Mađarska i Rumunija) bio je naseljen sarmatskim plemenima, koji su u više talasa doseljavanja živeli u uslovima intenzivnih migracija drugih populacija, čestih sukoba i geopolitičke nestabilnosti. Istorijski i arheološki izvori beleže učestalu praksu otvaranja i pljačkanja grobova tokom kriznih perioda, pri čemu su posebno stradale sarmatske nekropole. Iako postoje podaci o visokom stepenu pljačkanja na teritoriji današnje Mađarske, arheološke interpretacije ovog fenomena na prostoru Srbije i dalje su fragmentarne i metodološki nedovoljno razvijene. U ovom radu predstavljeni su rezultati arheotanatološke, tafonomske i bioantropološke analize sarmatskih grobova sa nekropole Neuropsihijatrijska bolnica „Park“ u Vršcu, datovanih u 4. vek n.e. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se identifikuju modeli i dinamika postmortem otvaranja grobova, kao i uticaj tih intervencija na očuvanost skeletnog materijala i integritet grobnih celina. Arheotanatološkom analizom određeno je vreme otvaranja u odnosu na fazu dekompozicije tela, dok su tafonomske promene (eksfolijacija, pukotine, frakture, erozija) ukazale na produženu izloženost skeleta nakon otvaranja. Zabeleženi su obrasci parcijalnog otvaranja (uglavnom u predelu gornjeg dela tela), kao i potpunog pražnjenja grobova. Nije uočena selektivnost prema polu, uzrastu ili drugim biološkim karakteristikama pokojnika. Svi ovi nalazi, posebno stepen i brutalnost narušavanja grobnih konteksta, snažno sugerišu da je otvaranje grobova na ovoj nekropoli pre posledica pljačkanja, a ne ritualnih intervencija, posebno u svetlu šire istorijsko-geopolitičke situacije kasnoantičkog perioda, obeležene intenzivnim migracijama i ratovima.
##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##
Reference
Aralica, Miodrag. 2002. „Dva groba kasnoantičkog doba iz Podvršanske ulice u Vršcu“. Glasnik Srpskog arheološkog društva 18: 183–199.
Aralica, Miodrag. 2006. „Arheološki lokalitet Neuropsihijatrijska bolnica – „Park““. Arheološki pregled 4: 112–114.
Aspöck, Edeltraut. 2011. „Past ‘Disturbances’ of Graves as a Source: Taphonomy and Interpretation of Reopened Early Medieval Inhumation Graves at Brunn am Gebirge (Austria) and Winnall II (England)“. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 30 (3): 299–324.
Aspöck, Edeltraut. 2015. „Cross-cultural interpretations and archaeological context. A reopened early bronze age grave in Weiden am See, Austria“. In Limbs, bones, and reopened graves in past societies, edited by L. Gardeła and K. Kajkowski, 478-480. Bytów: Muzeum Zachodniokaszubskie w Bytowie.
Aspöck, Edeltraut, Alison Klevnäs, and Nils Müller-Scheeßel. 2020. „The archaeology of post-depositional interactions with the dead: an introduction“. In Grave disturbances: The Archaeology of Post-depositional Interactions with the Dead, edited by Edeltraut Aspöck, Alison Klevnäs and Nils Müller-Scheeßel, 1-26. Oxford: Oxbow.
Barački, Stanimir. 1961. „Sarmatski nalazi iz Vršca“. Rad muzeja Vojvodine 10: 117–143.
Batistić-Popadić, Danica. 1985. „Sarmatska nekropola Vojlovica – Pančevo“. Rad Vojvođanskih muzeja 29: 59–83.
Behrensmeyer, Anna. 1978. „Taphonomic and ecologic information from bone weathering“. Paleobiology 4 (2): 150–162.
Bugarski, Ivan. 2009. Nekropole iz doba antike i ranog srednjeg veka na lokalitetu Čik. Beograd: Arheološki Institut.
Bugarski, Ivan and Vujadin Ivanišević. 2018. „Sixth-Century Foederati from the Upper Moesian Limes: Weapons in a Social Context“. In Vivere Militare Est: From Populus to Emperors - Living on the Frontier, vol. I, edited by M. Droberjar and S. Vacha, 291–332. Brno: Masaryk University.
Bugarski, Ivan. 2021. „Consequences of Hunnic raids and the newly-established border: An archaeological panorama of the Central Balkans (ca. 450–500)“. In Attila's Europe? Structural Transformation and Strategies of Success in the European Hun Period, edited by S. Racz and G. Szenthe, 243–258. Budapest: Hungarian National Museum.
Buikstra, Jane and Douglas Ubelaker, ed. 1994. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Fayetteville, Arkansas: Arkansas Archeological Survey (Research Series No. 44).
Brothwell, Don. 1981. Digging up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment, and Study of Human Skeletal Remains. 3rd ed. New York: Cornell University Press.
Brooks, Sheri and Joseph Suchey. 1990. „Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: A comparison of the Acsádi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks methods“. Human Evolution 5: 227–238.
Dautova Ruševljan, Velika. 1990. „Dosadašnji rezultati istraživanja i problem pri proučavanju sarmatske kulture u Vojvodini“. Rad muzeja Vojvodine 32: 81–94.
Dautova Ruševljan, Velika. 1998. „Sarmatska nekropola “Kraljev surduk” u Mošorinu“. In FEUDVAR Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in einer Mikroregion am Zusammenfluß von Donau und Theiß, edited by H. Bernhard and P. Medovic, 211–227. Kiel: Verlag Oetker/Voges.
Dimitrijević, Vesna. 2021. Arheozoologija. Uvod u studije zajedničke istorije životinja i ljudi. Beograd: Univerzitet u Beogradu, Filozofski fakultet.
Djordjevic, Jelena i Vojislav Djordjevic. 2022. „Horizonti antičkog i kasnoantičkog naselja “Ciglana” u Dolovu, ka utvrđivanju hronologije antičkog i kasnoantičkog perioda u Banatu“. U Balkan, Podunavlje i istočna Evropa u rimsko doba i u srednjem veku, uredili O. Rumenceva i S. Trifunović, 42–70. Beograd i Moskva: Arheološki institut RANU i Muzej Vojvodine.
Dobos, Arpad. 2014. „Plunder or ritual? The phenomenon of grave reopening in the row-grave cemeteries from Transylvania (6th–7th centuries)“. Annales Universitatis Apulensis. Series Historica 18, II: 135–162.
Duday, Henri. 2009. The Archaeology of the dead. Lectures in Archaeothanatology. Oxford: Oxbow.
Duday, Henri, Francoise Mort and Anne-Marie Tillier. 2014. „Archaeothanatology and funeral archaeology. Application to the study of primary single burial“. Anthropologie - International Journal of Human Diversity and Evolution 52 (3): 235.
Djuric, Marija, Ksenija Djukic, Petar Milovanovic, Aleksa Janovic and Petar Milenkovic. 2011. „Representing children in excavated cemeteries: The intrinsic preservation factors“. Antiquity 85: 250–262.
Fernández Jalvo, Yolanda and Peter Andrews. 2003. „Experimental effects of water abrasion on bone fragments“. Journal of Taphonomy 1: 147–163.
Fisher, John. 1995. „Bone surface modifications in zooarchaeology“. Journal of Archaeology Method and Theory 2: 7–68.
Gustafson, Gosta. 1950. „Age determinations on teeth“. Journal of American Dental Association 41: 45–54.
Gleize, Yves. 2020. „Disturbance of early mediaeval graves in south-western Gaul“. In Grave disturbances: The Archaeology of Post-depositional Interactions with the Dead, edited by Edeltraut Aspöck, Alison Klevnäs and Nils Müller-Scheeßel, 115–136. Oxford: Oxbow.
Grumeza, Lavinia. 2014. Sarmatian Cemeteries from Banat (late 1st - early 5th Centuries AD). Cluj-Napoca: Mega Publishing House.
Haglund, William and Marcella Sorg, ed 1997. Forensic Taphonomy. The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Haglund, William and Marcella Sorg, ed. 2002. Advances in Forensic Taphonomy: Method, Theory, and Archaeological Perspectives. (1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Istvánovits, Eszter and Valeria Kulcsár. 2001. „Sarmatians through the eyes of strangers. The Sarmatian warrior“. In International Connections of the Barbarians of the Carpathian Basin in the 1st–5th centuries A.D., edited by Eszter Istvánovits and Valeria Kulcsár, 139–169. Aszód and Nyíregyháza: Osvath Gedeon Museum Foundation and Josa Andras Museum.
Istvánovits, Eszter and Valeria Kulcsár. 2013. „The „upper class“ of the Sarmatian society in the Carpathian Basin“. In Forschungen zu Spätantike und Mittelalter. Macht des Goldes, Gold der Macht. Herrschafts-und Jenseits: Repräsentation zwischen Antike und Frühmittelalter im mittleren Donauraum, edited by M. Hardt and O. Heinrich-Tamáska, 195–209. Weinstadt: Bernhard A. Greiner (Greiner Verlag).
Istvánovits, Eszter and Valeria Kulcsár. 2017. Sarmatians – History and Archaeology of a Forgotten People. Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum.
İşcan, Mehmet, Susan Loth and Robert Wright. 1984. „Metamorphosis at the sternal rib end: A new method to estimate age at death in white males“. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 65: 147–156.
Işcan, Mehmet, Susan and Robert Wright. 1985. „Age estimation from the rib by phase analysis: white females“. Journal of Forensic Science 30 (3): 853–863.
Klevnäs, Alison, Edeltraut Aspöck, Astrid Noterman, Martine van Haperen and Stephanie Zintl. 2021. „Reopening graves in the early Middle Ages: From local practice to European phenomenon“. Antiquity 95 (382): 1005–1026.
Klevnäs, Alison. 2010. „Whodunnit? Grave Robbery in Anglo-Saxon England and the Merovingian Kingdoms“. PhD diss., University of Cambridge, Girton College, Cambridge.
Klevnäs, Alison. 2013. Whodunnit? Grave robbery in Anglo-Saxon England and the Merovingian kingdoms. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Knüsel, Christopher and John Robb. 2016. „Funerary taphonomy: An overview of goals and methods“. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 10: 655–673.
Kümmel, Christoph. 2009. Ur- und frühgeschichtlicher Grabraub. Archäologische Interpretation und kulturanthropologische Erklärung. Münster: Waxmann Verlag.
Maresh, Marion. 1943. „Growth of major long bones in healthy children“. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 66: 227–257.
Marinković, Snežana. 2009. Sarmatska kulturna na tlu Banata iz zbirke Narodnog muzeja Zrenjanin. Katalog izlozbe. Zrenjanin: Narodni muzej.
Meindl Richard and Clyde Lovejoy. 1985. „Ectocranial suture closure: A revised method for the determination of skeletal age at death based on the lateral-anterior sutures“. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68: 57–66.
Noterman, Astrid. 2016. „Violation, pillage, profanation: la perturbation des sépultures mérovingiennes au haut Moyen Âge (VIe–VIIIe siècle) dans la moitié nord de la France“. PhD diss., University of Poitiers.
Pavlovic, Tamara. Lavinia Grumeza, Mirjana Roksandic and Marija Djuric. 2022. „Taking from the dead: Grave disturbance of Sarmatian cemeteries in the Banat region“. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 32 (3): 630–644.
Pokines, James and Stephanie Symes, ed. 2013. Manual of Forensic Taphonomy. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Pokines, James and Joan Baker. 2021. „Effects of Burial Environment on Osseous Remains“. In Manual of Forensic Taphonomy, Second Edition, edited by J. Pokines, E. L’Abbé and S. Symes, 103–142. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Pokines, James and Joan Baker. 2013. „Effects of Burial Environment on Osseous Remains“. In Manual of Forensic Taphonomy, edited by J. Pokines, E. L’Abbé and S. Symes, 73–114. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Pokines, James and Christine Spiegel. 2021. „Subaerial weathering and other terrestrial surface taphonomic processes“. In Manual of Forensic Taphonomy, Second Edition, edited by J. Pokines, E. L’Abbé and S. Symes, 403–441. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Putica, Anđelka. 2012/2013. „Svetozar Miletić-Sarmatska nekropola“. Godišnjak Gradskog muzeja Sombor 6–7: 19–38.
Réveillas, Helene. 2019. „Archaeothanatology, the Recognition of Funerary Practices: Recent Examples“. In Archaeology, history and biosciences: Interdisciplinary Perspective, edited by S. Brather-Walter, 33–52. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.
Roksandic, Mirjana. 2001. „Position of Skeletal Remains as a Key to Understanding Mortuary Behavior“. In Advances in Forensic Taphonomy: Method, Theory and Archaeological Perspectives, edited by William D. Haglund and Marcella H. Sorg, 265–282. Boca Raton: Florida, CRC Press.
Sekereš, Agneš. 1998. „Sarmatska nekropola Subotica-Verušić“. Rad muzeja Vojvodine 40: 107–147.
Skóra, Kalina. 2017. „Opening of Graves in the Cemetery of the Wielbark Culture in Kowalewo. A Preliminary Analysis“. Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae 30: 193–210.
Szekeres, Agneš. 1999. „Sarmatian cemetery at Bácska Topolya – Bánkert“. In Pannonia and Beyond – Studies in Honour of László Barkóczi, edited by A. Vaday, Budapest: Hungarian Academy of Science.
Šarkić, Tamara and Marija Djurić. 2024. „The fate of bones after grave reopening: Bone taphonomy and preservation in Sarmatian sites in Serbia“. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 34 (6): e3354.
Šulman, Marko. 1952. „Sarmatsko jaziški grobovi u Tavankutu i Masarikovoj“. Rad vojvođanskih muzeja 1: 117–126.
Trifunović, Stanko. 2019. „Osnovne činjenice i problemi definisanja arheološke kulture kasnorimskog doba u panonskom Barbarikumu (Basic facts and problems of defining archaeological culture of the late antiquity in Pannonian Barbaricum)“. U Balkan, Podunavlje i Istočna Evropa u rimsko doba i u ranom srednjem veku (The Balkans, the Danube Basin and Eastern Europe in Roman era and in the early Middle Ages), uredili I. Olegovič Gavratuhin and S. Trifunović, 141–166. Novi Sad: Muzej Vojvodine i Institut arheologije Ruske akademije nauka.
Ubelaker, Douglas. 1997. „Taphonomic applications in forensic anthropology“. In Forensic taphonomy: the postmortem fate of human remains, edited by William D. Haglund and Marcella H. Sorg, 77–90. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Vaday, Andrea. 2003. „Historical overview“. In Hungarian archaeology at the turn of the millennium, edited by Zsolt Visy, László Bartosiewicz and Mihály Nagy, 265–267. Budapest: Ministry of National Cultural Heritage and Teleki László Foundation.
Vaday, Andrea. 2015. „The langobard cemetery at Ménfocsanak“. Antaeus 33: 163–242.
van Haperen Martine, 2010. „Rest in Pieces: an Interpretive Model of Early Medieval “Grave Robbery“. Medieval and Modern Matters 1: 1–36.
Vörös, Gabriella. 2009. „Az Alföld szarmata korának belső időrendje“. PhD diss., Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest.
Zintl, Stephanie. 2020. „Things we knew about grave robbery: reassessing ideas on how and why graves were reopened in the Merovingian period“. In Grave disturbances: The Archaeology of Post-depositional Interactions with the Dead, edited by Edeltraut Aspöck, Alison Klevnäs and Nils Müller-Scheeßel, 95–114. Oxford: Oxbow.
##submission.downloads##
Objavljeno
Kako citirati
Broj časopisa
Sekcija
Licenca
Ovaj rad je pod Creative Commons Autorstvo-Deli pod istim uslovima 4.0 Internacionalna licenca.
ERIH PLUS - European Reference Index for the Humanities
World Cat
AnthroSerbia
