Domination des femmes? Représentation des sexes dans le corpus de figurines anthropomorphes du Néolithique tardif
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v16i3.6Mots-clés :
figurines anthropomorphes, Néolithique tardif, représentations du sexe/du genre, Grande Déesse, culte de la fertilitéRésumé
Dès les origines de la discipline, les figurines présentaient la base d’étude du système social préhistorique et des notions religieuses. Malgré de nombreuses critiques, l’idée qu’elles sont le reflet d’adoration de la Grande Déesse et du culte de la fertilité est, plus ou moins, entretenue jusqu’à aujourd’hui, surtout grâce aux travaux de Maria Gimbutas. Sa manière simplifiée de voir la préhistoire a non seulement donné les ailes à la pseudoscience, mais a aussi suscité de sévères critiques et débats dans l’archéologie mondiale. Dans l’époque moderne, le concept de la Déesse est passé du milieu académique à la sphère de la pseudoscience, de la politique quotidienne et de l’activisme, et par conséquent dans notre pays, les idées sur Le passé doré, considéré comme base de la civilisation européenne, existent principalement dans « la zone grise » – dans l’espace public où elles sont transférées par le biais des médias. Tous ces récits reposent sur les préjugés de la représentation de la femme dominant les collections néolithiques. Les résultats préliminaires de l’analyse de la représentation des sexes dans les assemblages de figurines ont confirmé que les affirmations sur la domination quantitative des représentations féminines sont sans fondement et ont encore une fois souligné une présence importante et parfois la domination des représentations asexuelles bien que les critères de l’identification se soient révélés non fiables et que par conséquent se pose la question sur la justification de ces tentatives. De l’autre côté elles ont ouvert de nombreuses questions. Elles se rapportent avant tout au rôle et à la signification de caractéristiques sexuelles secondaires présentes/absentes, surtout à la corrélation des caractéristiques sexuelles secondaires et de l’âge, mais aussi aux différences possibles locales et/ou régionales dans la présence de représentations d’un certain sexe/genre, et à la signification et à la fonction des figurines en général.
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