Stratigraphie archéologique, ontologie plate et description mince. Note sur le dialogue (inter)disciplinaire
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v14i3.4Mots-clés :
nouveau matérialisme, tournant ontologique, stratigraphie, enregistrement archéologiqueRésumé
Ces dernières décennies certains archéologues reprennent les approches des domaines de la philosophie et de l’anthropologie pouvant être le plus amplement désignées par le terme du nouveau matérialisme. Les suppositions-clés veulent que les recherches archéologiques étaient, peu importe l’approche théorique, depuis toujours chargées de la manière de penser moderne et des dichotomies nature/culture, animé/inanimé, d’où provient l’approche anthropocentrique de l’observation des objets surtout par rapport aux humains. On suggère que la réalité se compose d’une série de phénomènes différents méritant tous une attention identique de l’observateur et que toutes leurs existences sont également pertinentes. Les objets, les animaux, les plantes, ils disposent tous d’une manière égale du potentiel d’agir dans le réseau des acteurs égaux. Pour cette raison, le chercheur doit accepter l’ontologie plate selon laquelle nul facteur n’a un avantage.
Ce texte problématise certaines implications délibérées et spontanées de ce tournant ontologique pour la théorie et la pratique archéologiques. En premier lieu, l’alignement proposé par les partisans de la nouvelle direction déstabilise le concept disciplinaire clé – la recherche du passé humain basée sur la culture matérielle. Si on minimise l’importance des actions humaines pour la formation des réseaux des acteurs mutuellement égaux, la responsabilité humaine est en même temps minimisée. Les différentes formes d’inégalité entre les humains sont ainsi retirées du haut de la liste des priorités de la recherche et le potentiel de la critique sociale dans les recherches archéologique est minimisé. Les critiques semblables du nouveau matérialisme sont présentées aussi dans les domaines de la philosophie et de l’anthropologie. De telle manière on actualise encore une fois la question du transfert interdisciplinaire ayant recours aux descriptions minces – à la reprise sélective des concepts dont les pleines implications restent négligées.
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