Essai d’archéologie théorique: les cultures archéologiques existent-elles?

Auteurs

  • Marko Porčić Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, Belgrade

DOI :

https://doi.org/10.21301/EAP.v8i3.2

Mots-clés :

théorie archéologique, culture archéologique, typologie, évolutionnisme

Résumé

La culture archéologique continue à subsister dans l’archéologie serbe comme un concept analytique et interprétatif fondamental en dépit de nombreuses critiques. L’objectif de cet article est de donner une réponse à la question de savoir comment le concept de la culture archéologique peut être formalisé et quelles sont les implications épistémologiques de cette formalisation. L’analyse formelle de la culture archéologique sous-entend l’explication, autrement dit la formalisation logique et qualitative du processus qui est à la base de la « reconnaissance » traditionnelle des cultures archéologiques. Le principal résultat de l’analyse formelle est le constat de l'existence des modèles réels de variation formelle de la culture matérielle dans le temps et l’espace ; ces modèles parfois peuvent coïncider avec des cultures archéologiques traditionnellement définies. Les modèles en question sont réels au sens analytique, c’est-à-dire qu’ils le sont pour les données entrantes proposées et le niveau d’analyse prévu. A la différence de l’approche traditionnelle où de tels modèles équivalent aux cultures archéologiques, qui à leur tour, dans un esprit essentialiste, continuent à être égalées à des entités quasi-organiques comme les peuples, dans cet article, l’accent est mis sur le fait que les modèles reconnus représentent le point de départ ou la situation empirique qu’il faut expliquer dans des termes anthropologiques et historiques. Dans cet article sont présentées les  manières dont les modèles traditionnellement reconnus comme les „cultures archéologiques“ peuvent apparaître comme une conséquence des processus différents, c’est-à-dire des réalités sociales et historiques variées. Il en résulte principalement que les cultures archéologiques traditionnelles ne sont utiles ni d’un point de vue analytique ni d’un point de vue interprétatif et cela pour deux raisons : 1) parce qu’il s’agit des modèles subjectivement définis sans fondement théorique 2) parce que le modèle empirique ne peut être une explication en soi, mais précisément un phénomène qui demande explication. Comme cadre théorique général pour l’identification et l’explication des modèles de variation formelle de la culture matérielle dans le temps et l’espace est proposée la théorie du double héritage, c’est-à-dire l’ensemble de méthodes développé dans le cadre de l’archéologie évolutionniste (darwiniste).

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Publiée

2013-09-17

Comment citer

Porčić, Marko. 2013. « Essai d’archéologie théorique: Les Cultures archéologiques Existent-Elles? ». Problèmes d’ethnologie Et d’anthropologie 8 (3):633-55. https://doi.org/10.21301/EAP.v8i3.2.

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