Ogled iz teorijske arheologije: da li postoje arheološke kulture?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21301/EAP.v8i3.2Ključne reči:
arheološka teorija, arheološka kultura, tipologija, evolucionizamApstrakt
Arheološka kultura i dalje opstaje kao osnovni analitički i interpretativni koncept u srpskoj arheologiji uprkos brojnim kritikama. Cilj ovog rada jeste da pruži odgovor na pitanje kako se koncept arheološke kulture može formalizovati i kakve su epistemološke implikacije ove formalizacije. Formalna analiza arheološke kulture podrazumeva eksplikaciju, tj. logičku i kvantitativnu formalizaciju procesa koji stoji u osnovi tradicionalnog „prepoznavanja“ arheoloških kultura. Osnovni rezultat formalne analize jeste da postoje stvarni obrasci formalne varijacije materijalne kulture u prostoru i vremenu koji se ponekad mogu poklapati sa tradicionalno definisanim arheološkim kulturama. Ovi obrasci su stvarni u analitičkom smislu, tj. stvarni su za zadate ulazne podatke i nivo analize. Za razliku od tradicionalnog pristupa gde se ovakvi obrasci izjednačavaju sa arheološkim kulturama, koje se dalje esencijalistički izjednačavaju sa kvazi-organskim entitetima kao što su narodi, u ovom radu se insistira na tome da prepoznati obrasci predstavljaju polaznu tačku tj. empirijsku situaciju koju treba objasniti u antropološkim i istorijskim terminima. U radu je predstavljeno kako obrasci tradicionalno prepoznati kao „arheološke kulture“ mogu da nastanu kao posledica različitih procesa tj. različitih društvenih i istorijskih realnosti. Osnovni zaključci su da tradicionalne arheološke kulture nisu korisne ni analitički ni interpretativno iz dva razloga: 1) zato što se radi o subjektivno definisanim obrascima bez teorijske zasnovanosti 2) zato što empirijski obrazac ne može biti objašnjenje sam po sebi, već upravo fenomen koji zahteva objašnjenje. Kao opšti teorijski okvir za identifikovanje i objašnjavanje obrazaca formalne varijacije materijalne kulture u prostoru i vremenu predlaže se teorija dvojnog nasleđivanja, odnosno skup metoda razvijen u okviru evolucionističke (darvinističke) arheologije.
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